The dimension and size of data is growing rapidly with the extensive applications of computer science and lab based engineering in daily life. Due to availability of vagueness, later uncertainty, redundancy, irrelevancy, and noise, which imposes concerns in building effective learning models. Fuzzy rough set and its extensions have been applied to deal with these issues by various data reduction approaches. However, construction of a model that can cope with all these issues simultaneously is always a challenging task. None of the studies till date has addressed all these issues simultaneously. This paper investigates a method based on the notions of intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) and rough sets to avoid these obstacles simultaneously by putting forward an interesting data reduction technique. To accomplish this task, firstly, a novel IF similarity relation is addressed. Secondly, we establish an IF rough set model on the basis of this similarity relation. Thirdly, an IF granular structure is presented by using the established similarity relation and the lower approximation. Next, the mathematical theorems are used to validate the proposed notions. Then, the importance-degree of the IF granules is employed for redundant size elimination. Further, significance-degree-preserved dimensionality reduction is discussed. Hence, simultaneous instance and feature selection for large volume of high-dimensional datasets can be performed to eliminate redundancy and irrelevancy in both dimension and size, where vagueness and later uncertainty are handled with rough and IF sets respectively, whilst noise is tackled with IF granular structure. Thereafter, a comprehensive experiment is carried out over the benchmark datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of simultaneous feature and data point selection methods. Finally, our proposed methodology aided framework is discussed to enhance the regression performance for IC50 of Antiviral Peptides.

Fuzzy rough entropy established in the notion of fuzzy rough set theory, which has been effectively and efficiently applied for feature selection to handle the uncertainty in real-valued datasets. Further, Fuzzy rough mutual information has been presented by integrating information entropy with fuzzy rough set to measure the importance of features. However, none of the methods till date can handle noise, uncertainty and vagueness simultaneously due to both judgement and identification, which lead to degrade the overall performances of the learning algorithms with the increment in the number of mixed valued conditional features. In the current study, these issues are tackled by presenting a novel intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) assisted mutual information concept along with IF granular structure. Initially, a hybrid IF similarity relation is introduced. Based on this relation, an IF granular structure is introduced. Then, IF rough conditional and joint entropies are established. Further, mutual information based on these concepts are discussed. Next, mathematical theorems are proved to demonstrate the validity of the given notions. Thereafter, significance of the features subset is computed by using this mutual information, and corresponding feature selection is suggested to delete the irrelevant and redundant features. The current approach effectively handles noise and subsequent uncertainty in both nominal and mixed data (including both nominal and category variables). Moreover, comprehensive experimental performances are evaluated on real-valued benchmark datasets to demonstrate the practical validation and effectiveness of the addressed technique. Finally, an application of the proposed method is exhibited to improve the prediction of phospholipidosis positive molecules. RF(h2o) produces the most effective results till date based on our proposed methodology with sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, MCC, and AUC of 86.7%, 90.1%, 93.0% , 0.808, and 0.922 respectively.

Granule size is a critical parameter affecting starch processing properties. Ultrasound treatments of up to 22 h were applied on two starches differing in granule size (quinoa starch and maize starch). The two starches showed significantly different trends in both structural and physicochemical aspects affected by the ultrasound treatments. For the small granule starch (volume-weighted mean particle size of 1.79 μm), short-term ultrasonication caused an increase of swelling power. As the treatment time increased, the physicochemical properties were influenced by the degradation of amylopectin external chains. The X-ray diffraction results showed a decrease of relative crystallinity and changes of peak areas with long-term treatment. On the other hand, a balance between amylose leaching and surface damages was seen for the large granule starch (volume-weighted mean particle size of 18.3 μm). The effect of ultrasound modification on starches with different molecular and granular structures was discussed. A possible mechanism of the ultrasound effect was proposed.

A sputtered FePt(BN, Re, C) film, here boron nitride (BN), was compared to a reference sample FePt(BN, Ag, C). Intrinsically, these films illustrate a high anisotropy field (Hk) and perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy (Ku),although the reference sample shows a higher value (Hk = 69.5 kOe, Ku = 1.74 × 107 erg/cm3) than the FePt(BN, Re, C) film (Hk = 66.9 kOe, Ku = 1.46 × 107 erg/cm3). However, the small difference in the anisotropy constant (K2/K1) ratio presents a close tendency in the angular dependence of the switching field. Extrinsically, the out-of-plane coercivity for the reference sample is 32 kOe, which is also higher than the FePt(BN, Re, C) film (Hc = 27 kOe), and both films present lower remanence (Mr(parallel)/Mr(perpendicular) = 0.08~0.12), that is, the index for perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The higher perpendicular magnetization for both films was due to highly (001) textured FePt films, which was also evidenced by the tight rocking width of 4.1°/3.0° for (001)/(002) X-ray diffraction peaks, respectively, and high-enough ordering degree. The reference sample was measured to have a higher ordering degree (S = 0.84) than FePt(BN, Re, C) (S = 0.63). As a result, the Ag segregant shows stronger ability to promote the ordering of the FePt film; however, the FePt(BN, Re, C) film still has comparable magnetic properties without Ag doping. From the surface and elemental composition analysis, the metallic Re atoms found in the FePt lattice result in a strong spin-orbital coupling between transition metal Fe (3d electron) and heavy metals (Re, Pt) (5d electron) and we conducted high magnetocrystalline anisotropy (Ku). Above is the explanation that the lower-ordered FePt(BN, Re, C) film still has high-enough Ku and out-of-plane Hc. Regarding the microstructure, both the reference sample and FePt(BN, Re, C) show granular structure and columnar grains, and the respective average grain size and distributions are 6.60 nm (12.5%) and 11.2 nm (15.9%). The average widths of the grain boundaries and the aspect ratio of the columnar grain height are 2.05 nm, 1.00 nm, 2.35 nm, and 1.70 nm, respectively.

Cabbage core (CC) is regarded as a waste part of the vegetable, despite being edible and containing various nutritional and functional compounds. We investigated the properties of CC powder with particle sizes < 1 mm as a new food material. CC powder was more resistant to structural deformation than leaf-derived powder, particularly CC powder with particles ≥ 0.3 mm in size. To examine the application of CC powder in 3D printed foods, we investigated the effects of \"nata puree,\" a disintegrated nata de coco made with tamarind seed gum (NPTG), on paste made with CC powder. NPTG promoted stable binding of paste made using CC powder, which was successfully extruded using a syringe to form a bar with a granular structure. Thus, CC powder possesses unique textural/structural properties for its application in next-generation foods.

TAP is a general mRNA export receptor and is highly conserved among eukaryotes. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has another TAP-like protein, NXF-2, but little is known about its function. In this study, we show that NXF-2 is specifically expressed in germ cells and forms a novel granular structure that is different from that of P granules and that NXF-2 granules are anchored to the nuclear periphery in the mitotic region of the hermaphrodite gonad. In contrast, NXF-2 granules are released within the whole cytoplasm in the meiotic region, where the feminization gene tra-2 starts to function. Both inhibition of XPO-1 (an ortholog of the export receptor CRM1) and mutation of the nuclear export signal of NXF-2 caused the release of NXF-2 granules from the nuclear periphery, indicating that anchoring of NXF-2 granules depends on XPO-1 function. Moreover, inhibition of NXF-2 resulted in a substantial nuclear accumulation of the reporter mRNA carrying the tra-2 3\'UTR. These results suggest that, together with XPO-1, NXF-2 exports and anchors tra-2 mRNA to the nuclear periphery to avoid precocious translation until the germ cells reach the meiotic region, thereby contributing to the regulation of tra-2 mRNA expression.

Quinoa starch granular structure as affected by nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) substitution was investigated by multiple approaches, including scattering, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. The modification had little impact on the morphology of starch granules. The NSA substitution was found mainly in the amorphous lamellae and amorphous growth rings. The NSA modification increased the thickness of the amorphous lamellae. The homogeneity of the ordered structure in the granules was improved, probably because the NSA modification reduced the amount of defects in the semi-crystalline growth ring. Compared to other chemical modifications such as acylation, succinylation was more effective in modifying the starch lamellar structure. A possible reaction pattern of NSA modification on quinoa starch is proposed, in which the NSA modification may follow the sequence of amorphous growth rings, the amorphous matrices among blocklets, amorphous and crystalline lamellae in semi-crystalline growth rings. This study provides new insights on the structural changes of starch granules induced by succinylation on the supramolecular level.

Amylose‑sodium stearate (SS) complexes (2, 5 and 8%) in heat-moisture treated potato starch (HPS) were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. Based on the DSC thermograms, the amylose - SS complexes were successfully formed with high thermal stability, indicated by a melt temperature (Tpeak) of ≥ 112 °C for type I and ≥125 °C for type II complexes. Addition of 2% SS resulted in a single endothermal peak of the complexes, while 5 and 8% led to the formation of type I and II complexes with much higher enthalpy (ΔH) values. The XRD curve confirmed that the complexes were successfully formed. The pasting temperature increased from 66 °C for native to 91 °C for HPS145 complexed starch with 5% SS. Furthermore, the swelling power could be largely decreased, and the granular structure preserved. In addition, the inclusion complexation with SS on (HPS) succesfully improved the cook stabiliy.

Aerobic sludge granulation was rapidly obtained in the erlenmeyer bottle and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using piggery wastewater. Aerobic granulation occurred on day 3 and granules with mean diameter of 0.2mm and SVI30 of 20.3mL/g formed in SBR on day 18. High concentrations of Ca and Fe in the raw piggery wastewater and operating mode accelerated aerobic granulation, even though the seed sludge was from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Alpha diversity analysis revealed Operational Taxonomic Units, Shannon, ACE and Chao 1 indexes in aerobic granules were 2013, 5.51, 4665.5 and 3734.5, which were obviously lower compared to seed sludge. The percentages of major microbial communities, such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were obviously higher in aerobic granules than seed sludge. Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, TM7 and Acidobacteria showed much higher abundances in the inoculum. The main reasons might be the characteristics of raw piggery wastewater and granule structure.

This work aimed to characterize the molecular structure and functional properties of starches isolated from wild Dioscorea yams grown at the Amazons, using conventional and up-to-date methodologies. Among the high purity starches isolated (≥99%), the chain lengths were similar, whereas variations in gelatinization profile were observed. Starches have shown varied-shaped granules with monomodal distribution, and B-type crystallinity. Variations in amylose contents found by three analyses were hypothesized being related to intermediate material. Linear chain lengths were similar, and their amylopectins showed a dense, spherical conformation and similar molecular characteristics. The average molar mass and the radius of gyration of the chromatograms of the yam amylopectin, M¯W and R¯G were ranging between 174×10(6) g mol(-1) and 237×10(6) g mol(-1), and 201 nm and 233 nm, respectively. The white yams starches were more sensible to enzymes than the other two. All starches have shown a wide range of functional and nutritional properties.