UNASSIGNED: Giardia and Cryptosporidium are enteric protozoa that can cause a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, especially in vulnerable people like children, the elderly, and those with impaired immune systems. In order to ascertain the microbiological quality of the recreational water from Araromi Beach in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. This risk assessment is of great significance to human health protection against waterborne diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of recreational water from Araromi Beach in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria.
UNASSIGNED: Microscopic examination of Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts were done.
UNASSIGNED: Results revealed maximum occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum (20 oocysts/100 mL) of water sample in the month of April and maximum occurrence of Giardia lamblia (300 cysts/100 mL) of water sample in the month of June. Additionally, according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for normalcy Ho =0.05, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were not regularly distributed in the water samples collected from the beach throughout the study period. The average likelihood of contracting Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum infections after consuming 100 mL of beach water was 0.96 and 0.35, respectively. The risks of infection associated with Cryptosporidium parvum was lower than those associated with Giardia lamblia in water from the beach, but were both above the acceptable risk limit of 10-4.
UNASSIGNED: The results of this study indicate that Giardia and Cryptosporidium may represent serious health hazards to people who engage in aquatic activities. Adopting a comprehensive strategy that includes regular inspections, enhanced detection techniques, and the prevention of aquatic environment pollution may provide clean and safe recreational water for all, thereby safeguarding the public\'s health.
UNASSIGNED: Giardia ve Cryptosporidium, özellikle çocuklar, yaşlılar ve bağışıklık sistemi zayıf olanlar gibi hassas kişilerde çeşitli gastrointestinal hastalıklara neden olabilen enterik protozoalardır. Nijerya’nın Ondo Eyaleti, Ilaje Yerel Yönetim Bölgesi’ndeki Araromi Plajı’ndan gelen rekreasyonel suyun mikrobiyolojik kalitesini belirlemek için. Bu risk değerlendirmesi, su kaynaklı hastalıklara karşı insan sağlığının korunması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.
UNASSIGNED: Cryptosporidium ve Giardia ookistlerinin mikroskobik incelemesi yapıldı.
UNASSIGNED: Sonuçlar, su örneğinde Cryptosporidium parvum’un (20 ookist/100 mL) maksimum oluşumunun Nisan ayında, maksimum Giardia lamblia’nın (300 kist/100 mL) ise Haziran ayında oluştuğunu ortaya çıkardı. Ayrıca Kolmogorov-Smirnov normallik testlerine göre Ho =0,05, Giardia lamblia ve Cryptosporidium parvum’un çalışma dönemi boyunca plajdan toplanan su örneklerinde düzenli olarak dağılmadığı görüldü. 100 mL plaj suyu tükettikten sonra Giardia lamblia ve Cryptosporidium parvum enfeksiyonlarına yakalanma ortalama olasılığı sırasıyla 0,96 ve 0,35 idi. Cryptosporidium parvum ile ilişkili enfeksiyon riskleri, plajdaki suda Giardia lamblia ile ilişkili olanlardan daha düşüktü, ancak her ikisi de kabul edilebilir risk sınırı olan 10-4’ün üzerindeydi.
UNASSIGNED: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları Giardia ve Cryptosporidium’un suda yaşayan insanlar için ciddi sağlık tehlikeleri oluşturabileceğini göstermektedir. Düzenli denetimleri, gelişmiş tespit tekniklerini ve su ortamı kirliliğinin önlenmesini içeren kapsamlı bir stratejinin benimsenmesi, herkes için temiz ve güvenli dinlenme suyu sağlayabilir ve böylece halk sağlığının korunmasını sağlayabilir.

Ferrate (Fe(VI): HFeO4- /FeO42-), a potent oxidant, has been investigated as an alternative chemical disinfectant in water treatment due to its reduced production of disinfection by-products. In this study, we assessed the disinfecting ability of potassium ferrate against a variety of microorganisms, including waterborne pathogens, under varying pH and water temperature conditions. We presented CT values, a metric of ferrate concentrations (C) and contact time (T), to quantify microbial inactivation rates. Among the tested microorganisms, human adenovirus was the least resistant to ferrate, followed by waterborne bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, and finally, the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. We further investigated the impact of two pH values (7 and 8) and two temperatures (5 and 25 °C) on microbial inactivation rates, observing that inactivation rates increased with lower pH and higher temperature. In addition to showcasing ferrate\'s capacity to effectively inactivate a range of the tested microorganisms, we offer a ferrate CT table to facilitate the comparison of the effectiveness of various disinfection methods.

Histone post-translational modifications are extensively studied for their role in regulating gene transcription and cellular environmental adaptation. Research into these modifications has recently begun in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, focusing on histone-modifying enzymes and specific post-translational changes. In the transformation from the trophozoite to the cyst form in the life cycle of this parasite, significant morphological and genetic alterations occur, culminating in the synthesis of cyst wall proteins responsible for forming the protective cyst wall. It has been previously demonstrated that histone deacetylation is required during encystation and that the enzyme lysine methyltransferase 1 is involved in the upregulation of encystation. Our study aims to extend the analysis to lysine methyltransferase 2 (GlKMT2) function. For this, two constructs were generated: one that downregulate the expression of GLKMT2 via antisense (glkmt2-as transgenic cells) and the other overexpressing GlKMT2 (glkmt2-ha transgenic cells). We found that the glktm2-as transgenic cells showed an arrest in progress at the late encystation stage. Consequently, the number of cysts produced was lower than that of the control cells. On the other hand, we found that the overexpression of GlKMT2 acts as a negative mutant of the enzyme. In this way, these glktm2-ha transgenic cells showed the same behavior during growth and encystation as glkmt2-as transgenic cells. This interplay between different enzymes acting during encystation reveals the complex process behind the differentiation of the parasite. Understanding how these enzymes play their role during the encystation of the parasite would allow the design of inhibitors to control the parasite.

Parasitic diseases, predominantly prevalent in developing countries, are increasingly spreading to high-income nations due to shifting migration patterns. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates approximately 300 million annual cases of giardiasis. The emergence of drug resistance and associated side effects necessitates urgent research to address this growing health concern. In this study, we evaluated over eleven thousand pharmacological compounds sourced from the FDA database to assess their impact on the TATA-binding protein (TBP) of the early diverging protist Giardia lamblia, which holds medical significance. We identified a selection of potential pharmacological compounds for combating this parasitic disease through in silico analysis, employing molecular modeling techniques such as homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Notably, our findings highlight compounds DB07352 and DB08399 as promising candidates for inhibiting the TBP of Giardia lamblia. Also, these compounds and DB15584 demonstrated high efficacy against trophozoites in vitro. In summary, this study identifies compounds with the potential to combat giardiasis, offering the prospect of specific therapies and providing a robust foundation for future research.

Non-human primates (NHPs) are the group that most share infectious agents with humans due to their close taxonomic relationship. The southern brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) are endemic primates from Brazil and Argentina\'s Atlantic Forest. This study aimed to investigate the presence of intestinal parasites in free-living (FL) and captive (CA) southern brown howler monkeys. Thirty-nine stool samples were collected in two areas in southern Brazil, 15 FL and 24 CA. Stool sediments obtained by centrifugal sedimentation technique were used for microscopic analysis and direct immunofluorescence assay and evaluated by molecular analysis through amplification and sequencing of TPI fragments. Intestinal parasites Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Trypanoxyuris minutus were detected at coproparasitological analysis. This is the first report of the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in free-living howlers. The molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates indicated assemblage B for the first time found in free-living A. guariba clamitans. The high prevalence of G. duodenalis transmission in CA howler monkeys can be explained by direct contact with humans and frequent soil contact. The presence of a potentially zoonotic assemblage in these animals indicates that the process of fragmentation and cohabitation with humans and livestock affects the wildlife, thus indicating a need for eco-health measures.

Giardiasis is a small intestinal disease caused by the zoonotic parasite, Giardia duodenalis. This study presents the molecular findings of G. duodenalis infection in companion dogs, domestic livestock and wildlife in the Northern Jordan Basin, Israel. Identification of G. duodenalis was accomplished by nested PCR (nPCR) targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Samples were collected from water (five samples from four sources of which one was recycled water), as well as feces from wolves (Canis lupus) (n = 34), jackals (Canis aureus) (n = 24), wild boars (Sus scrofa) (n = 40), cattle (Bos taurus) (n = 40), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) (n = 37) and nutria (Mayocastor coypus) (n = 100). All positive samples were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was drawn using the Bayesian Inference (BI) algorithm. Differences in G. duodenalis prevalence between the different hosts were analyzed by Pearson\'s chi-square (p < 0.05). Of the total 275 fecal samples, 36 were positive for G. duodenalis (13%). Frequency rates among different animal species was highest in wolves (32.3%), whilst rates in wild boars (22.5%), dogs (16.2%), cattle (12.5%) and jackals (4.2%), were observed to be significantly lower (p < 0.001). Three out of 5 recycled water (RW) samples were G. duodenalis positive. Three clusters with high posterior probabilities (PP) were found in the BI: Cluster 1: samples from wolves, wild boars, water and cattle together with database sequences of assemblages A, B and F, Cluster 2: samples from dogs, nutria and a jackal with sequences from assemblage D and Cluster 3: samples from cattle, wild boars, wolves and dogs with sequences from assemblage C and D. We suggest that wolves serve as reservoirs of G. duodenalis in this region. The finding of Giardia in RW suggests that this vehicle may further contaminate crops intended for human consumption as this water source is used for agricultural irrigation.

Giardia duodenalis, a major cause of waterborne infection, infects a wide range of mammalian hosts and is subdivided into eight genetically well-defined assemblages named A through H. However, fragmented genomes and a lack of comparative analysis within and between the assemblages render unclear the molecular mechanisms controlling host specificity and differential disease outcomes. To address this, we generated a near-complete de novo genome of AI assemblage using the Oxford Nanopore platform by sequencing the Be-2 genome. We generated 148,144 long-reads with quality scores of > 7. The final genome assembly consists of only nine contigs with an N50 of 3,045,186 bp. This assembly agrees closely with the assembly of another strain in the AI assemblage (WB-C6). However, a critical difference is that a region previously placed in the five-prime region of Chr5 belongs to Chr4 of Be-2. We find a high degree of conservation in the ploidy, homozygosity, and the presence of cysteine-rich variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) within the AI assemblage. Our assembly provides a nearly complete genome of a member of the AI assemblage of G. duodenalis, aiding population genomic studies capable of elucidating Giardia transmission, host range, and pathogenicity.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), the most prevalent type of anaemia, is recognised as a significant global health concern that affects individuals of all ages.
METHODS: Herein, we present a case involving an adult male coinfected with Helicobacter pylori and Giardia duodenalis, which precipitated severe IDA.
RESULTS: A 24-year-old male presented with symptoms including fatigue, dizziness, headache, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea persisting for four weeks. Thorough blood tests, including complete blood counts, blood film, and iron studies, conclusively established the presence of severe IDA. Furthermore, his faecal sample was collected and subjected to analysis of common bacterial and parasitic gastrointestinal infections. Examination of upper and lower gastrointestinal pathogens indicated that the severe IDA was most likely a result of coinfection with H. pylori and G. duodenalis. The patient received treatment involving antibiotics and iron replacement therapy, which resulted in an improvement in both his symptoms and laboratory results.
CONCLUSIONS: The present report provides crucial insights into the synergistic effect of concurrent H. pylori and G. duodenalis infections, highlighting their potential to induce severe IDA in infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Giardiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoa Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis), which causes gastrointestinal symptoms. Infection usually occurs through the ingestion of contaminated water/food or through contact with an infected person. In Poland, giardiasis is notifiable disease, acoording to the EU deffinition implement in the polish surveillance system.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to asses epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland in 2021 and compare it to the previous years.
METHODS: The assessment of the epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland in 2021 was performed on the basis of data from the annual bulletins \"Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland\" for the years 2008-2021, data on individual cases collected for the purposes of epidemiological surveillance in the EpiBaza system and data from food-born outbreak investigations recorded in the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE).
RESULTS: In 2021, 559 cases of giardiasis were reported in Poland (558 confirmed case, 1 probable case). There was an increase in the number of reported cases in comparision to 2020 by 56% and decrease to 2019 by 29%. Cases of giardiasis were reported in all voivodeships, with the highest incidence rate in Podlaskie voivodeship (9.1/100 000), incidence rate for Poland was 1.5/100 000. Giardiasis was diagnosed in patiens in all age group, the largest group of patiens were children (age groups 0-4 and 5-9). The hospitalization rate of patients diagnosed with giardiasis was 9.7% and was lower than in 2020, when it was 12.4%. As in previous years, no deaths from giardiasis were reported.
CONCLUSIONS: The number of cases of giardiasis has increased compared to 2020, but has not reached pre-pandemic levels. As in previous years, differences in the incidence by age and sex of people with the disease were noted when comparing data reported from Poland and EU/EEA countries.
WSTĘP. Giardioza jest chorobą pasożytniczą wywoływaną pierwotniakiem Giardia lamblia (znanym również jako Giardia intestinalis i Giardia duodenalis), powodującą objawy ze strony układu pokarmowego. Do zakażenia dochodzi najczęściej poprzez spożycie skażonej wody lub żywności lub przez kontakt z zakażoną osobą. W Polsce istnieje obowiązek zgłoszenia każdego rozpoznanego przypadku giardiozy na podstawie ustawy z 5 grudnia 2008 roku o zapobieganiu oraz zwalczaniu zakażeń i chorób zakaźnych u ludzi. CEL. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza porównawcza danych epidemiologicznych dotyczących zachorowań na giardiozę w Polsce w roku 2021 w porównaniu do danych z lat poprzednich. MATERIAŁY I METODY. Badanie zostało oparte na danych z biuletynów „Choroby zakaźne i zatrucia w Polsce” wydanych w latach 2008-2021 przez Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego PZH – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, danych jednostkowych zarejestrowanych w systemie Epibaza oraz danych o ogniskach pokarmowych przekazanych do systemu Rejestr Ognisk Epidemicznych przez Powiatowe Stacje Sanitarno-Epidemiologiczne. WYNIKI. W 2021 r. zarejestrowano 559 przypadków giardiozy (558 przypadków potwierdzonych i 1 przypadek prawdopodobny). W porównaniu do roku 2020 odnotowano wzrost liczby zakażeń o 56%, a jednocześnie spadek liczby zakażeń o 29% w stosunku do roku 2019. Przypadki zachorowań odnotowano we wszystkich województwach, najwyższy wskaźnik zapadalności na 100 tysięcy mieszkańców zanotowano w województwie podlaskim (9,2/100 tys.). Współczynnik zapadalności dla kraju wyniósł 1,5/100 tys. Giardiozę diagnozowano u pacjentów we wszystkich grupach wieku, przy czym największą grupę chorych stanowiły dzieci w wieku 0-4 lata i 5-9 lat - ponad 40% wszystkich zaraportowanych przypadków. Odsetek hospitalizacji chorych z rozpoznaniem giardiozy wynosił 9,7% i był niższy niż w roku 2020, w którym wynosił 12,4%. Podobnie jak w latach poprzednich nie odnotowano żadnego zgonu z powodu giardiozy. WNIOSKI. Liczba przypadków giardiozy wzrosła w porównaniu do roku 2020 jednak nie osiągnęła wartości sprzed pandemii. Podobnie jak w poprzednich latach stwierdzono występowanie różnice odnośnie wieku i płci osób chorujących w Polsce w porównaniu z danymi z innych krajów UE/EOG.

Giardiasis is a common waterborne zoonotic disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. Upon infection, Giardia releases excretory and secretory products (ESPs) including secreted proteins (SPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Although the interplay between ESPs and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has been previously described, the functions of EVs in these interactions and their differences from those of SPs require further exploration. In the present study, EVs and EV-depleted SPs were isolated from Giardia ESPs. Proteomic analyses of isolated SPs and EVs showed 146 and 91 proteins, respectively. Certain unique and enriched proteins have been identified in SPs and EVs. Transcriptome analysis of Caco-2 cells exposed to EVs showed 96 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 56 upregulated and 40 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated that Caco-2 genes related to metabolic processes, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, and the cAMP signaling pathway were affected. This study provides new insights into host-parasite interactions, highlighting the potential significance of EVs on IECs during infections.