这项研究的重点是印度恒河平原北部的地下水和地表水资源。这项研究的目的是分析分布,识别潜在的污染物,追踪它们的起源并评估相关的健康风险。使用ICP-MS分析了来自80个地点的样品;地下水(n=69)和地表水(n=11)中的19种痕量和有毒元素。地下水中的八种元素(锰,Fe,Ni,Zn,As,Tl,U和Se)和6在地表水中(Al,Mn,Fe,Ni,Zn,和Tl)超过世卫组织(2011)和BIS(2012)的限值。地理空间分析揭示了痕量和有毒元素浓度的热点,在研究区的东南部和西部地区检测到较高的水平。相关矩阵揭示了所有痕量和有毒元素(不包括Li,Be,As,Ag,与地下水样品相比,地表水样品中的U)。地下水化学的聚类分析和主成分分析(PCA)(解释了总共6个因素的70.09累积百分比)表明,锌,Ni和Tl污染可能源自工业活动(冶金工艺和制造)。锰的潜在来源可能是地质和人为的,而Fe,Se,As和U可能源于特定的地质构造或与人类有关的活动,例如过度提取和将多余的肥料浸出到含水层中。对于地表水,PCA(解释了总共5个因素的92.92%的累积百分比)将工业活动确定为锰的主要来源,Fe,Tl,Ni,Zn,而铝水平来自地质来源和人为输入。水质指数显示西部和中部地区的水质差到非常差,而北部和东部地区表现出优良的水质。健康风险评估显示地下水的HI值:3.85(成人),7.70(儿童);地表水:1.52(成人),3.05(儿童),强调迫切需要采取补救措施。
This study focusses on ground and surface water resources in the northern parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. The study aims to identify potential contaminants, analyse their distribution, trace their origins, and evaluate associated health risk. Samples from 80 locations; groundwater (n = 69) and surface water (n = 11) were analysed for nineteen trace and toxic elements using ICP-MS. Eight elements in groundwater (Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Tl, U and Se) and six in surface water (Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Tl) exceeded WHO (2011) and BIS (2012) limits in certain areas. The geospatial analysis reveals hotspots of trace and toxic element concentration, with higher levels detected in the southeast and western regions of the study area. Correlation matrices revealed a robust correlation (∼>0.75-0.99, p < 0.01) among all trace and toxic elements (excluding Li, Be, As, Ag, and U) in surface water samples when compared to groundwater samples. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) (explains 70.09 cumulative percent for total 6 of factors) of groundwater chemistry indicates that Zn, Ni and Tl contamination may originate from industrial activities (metallurgical processes and manufacturing). The potential sources of Mn may be both geological and human-induced, while Fe, Se, As and U can originate from specific geological formations or human-related activities like over-extraction and leaching of excess fertilizers into aquifers. For surface water, PCA (explains 92.92 cumulative percent for total 5 of factors) identifies industrial activities as the main source of Mn, Fe, Tl, Ni, and Zn, while Al originates from both geological and anthropogenic sources. The water quality index indicated poor to very poor water quality in the western and central regions, whereas the northern and eastern regions exhibited excellent water quality. Health risk assessment reveals HI values for groundwater water: 3.85 (adults), 7.70 (children); surface water: 1.52 (adults), 3.05 (children), emphasizing the urgent need for remediation measures.