Mygalomorph毒液的特性和活性成分,在医学上很重要,农学,venomics,生态与进化,已经被广泛研究,但只有一小部分被表征。几项研究表明,基于个体发育的毒液肽组成存在个体差异,性二态,季节和饮食。然而,毒液成分的个体差异,可以在进化中发挥关键作用,毒素的多样化和功能,知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们证明了澳大利亚漏斗网蜘蛛Hadronychevalida中毒液成分的显着个体内部和个体间变化,强调个人随着时间的推移表现出不同的毒液轮廓。十四个(四个少年和十个成年雌性)漏斗网蜘蛛,保持在相同的环境条件和饮食下,总共挤奶四次,相隔一个月。然后,我们使用反相高效液相色谱/电喷雾电离质谱来生成毒液指纹,其中包含毒液中不同毒素成分的保留时间和分子量。在所有个人中,我们记录了总共83个单独的毒液成分。这些组件中只有20%是在个人之间共享的。个体显示毒液肽组成的变化,随着时间的推移,一些成分始终存在,而其他人只在特定时间出现。当使用Jaccard聚类指数和核心主成分分析对个体进行分组时,蜘蛛形成了两个不同的簇,很可能是由于它们的来源或收集时间。这项研究有助于理解毒液成分在不同水平上的变化(个体内,以及种内和种间),并考虑了一些可能有助于蜘蛛体内毒液多样化的选择机制。此外,毒液成分的特异性差异可以作为化学分类学标记来识别漏斗网物种。
Mygalomorph venom properties and active components, which have importance in medicine, agronomy, venomics, ecology and evolution, have been widely studied, but only a small fraction have been characterised. Several studies have shown inter-individual variation in the composition of venom peptides based on ontogeny, sexual dimorphism, season and diet. However, intra-individual variation in venom composition, which could play a key role in the evolution, diversification and function of toxins, is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate significant intra- and inter-individual variation in venom composition in the Australian funnel-web spider Hadronyche valida, highlighting that individuals show different venom profiles over time. Fourteen (four juvenile and ten adult females) funnel-web spiders, maintained under the same environmental conditions and diet, were milked a total of four times, one month apart. We then used reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry to generate venom fingerprints containing the retention time and molecular weights of the different toxin components in the venom. Across all individuals, we documented a combined total of 83 individual venom components. Only 20% of these components were shared between individuals. Individuals showed variation in the composition of venom peptides, with some components consistently present over time, while others were only present at specific times. When individuals were grouped using the Jaccard clustering index and Kernel Principal Component Analysis, spiders formed two distinct clusters, most likely due to their origin or time of collection. This study contributes to the understanding of variation in venom composition at different levels (intra-individual, and intra- and inter-specific) and considers some of the mechanisms of selection that may contribute to venom diversification within arachnids. In addition, inter-specific variation in venom composition can be highly useful as a chemotaxonomic marker to identify funnel-web species.