Long term use of Amiodarone (AMIO) is associated with the development of ocular adverse effects. This study investigates the short term effects, and the ameliorative consequence of vitamin E on retinal changes that were associated with administration of AMIO. This is accomplished by investigating both retinal structural and conformational characteristics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fundus examination. Three groups of healthy rabbits of both sexes were used; the first group served as control. The second group was orally treated with AMIO (160 mg /kg body weight) in a daily basis for two weeks. The last group orally received AMIO as the second group for two weeks then, oral administration of vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) for another two weeks as well. FTIR results revealed significant structural and conformational changes in retinal tissue constituents that include lipids and proteins due to AMIO administration. AMIO treatment was associated with fluctuated changes (increased/decreased) in the band position and bandwidth of NH, OH, and CH bonds. This was concomitant with changes in the percentage of retinal protein constituents in particularly α-helix and Turns. AMIO facilitates the formation of intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and turned retinal lipids to be more disordered structure. In conclusion, the obtained FTIR data together with principal component analysis provide evidence that administration of vitamin E following the treatment with AMIO can ameliorate these retinal changes and, these biophysical changes are too early to be detected by Fundus examination.

BACKGROUND: Serving as a reservoir, the gastric fundus can expand significantly, with an initial receptive and a following adaptive relaxation, controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic reflex circuits, respectively. We hypothesize that mechanosensitive enteric neurons (MEN) are involved in the adaptive relaxation, which is initiated when a particular gastric volume and a certain stretch of the stomach wall is reached. To investigate whether the responsiveness of MEN in the gastric fundus is dependent on tissue stretch, we performed mechanical stimulations in stretched versus ganglia \"at rest\".
METHODS: Responses of myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric fundus were recorded with membrane potential imaging using Di-8-ANEPPS. MEN were identified by small-volume intraganglionic injection in ganglia stretched to different degrees using a self-constructed stretching tool. Immunohistochemical staining identified the neurochemical phenotype of MEN. Hexamethonium and capsaicin were added to test their effect on recruited MEN.
RESULTS: In stretched compared to \"at rest\" ganglia, significantly more MEN were activated. The change in the ganglionic area correlated significantly with the number of additional recruited MEN. The additional recruitment of MEN was independent from nicotinic transmission and the ratio of active MEN in stretched ganglia shifted towards a nitrergic phenotype.
CONCLUSIONS: The higher number of active MEN with increasing stretch of the ganglia and their greater share of nitrergic phenotype might indicate their contribution to the adaptive relaxation. Further experiments are necessary to address the receptors involved in mechanotransduction.

Aim: To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of snare-assisted traction endoscopic full thickness resection (EFTR) on gastric fundus submucosal tumors (SMTs). Methods: The clinical and pathological data of patients with gastric SMTs who underwent EFTR treatment at the Endoscopy Center of Kaifeng Central Hospital from January 2018 to June 2023 were collected. Among them, 36 patients underwent snare-assisted traction EFTR (SAT-EFTR) and 46 patients underwent standard EFTR (S-EFTR). The clinical baseline data, operative data, adverse events, and follow-up results of the two groups were collected and compared. Results: All patients successfully completed EFTR technique. There were 34 male and 48 female patients, with an average age of (56.62 ± 11.31) years. The average operation time was shorter in the snare-assisted EFTR group than the S-EFTR group (73.39 ± 31.33 minutes versus 92.89 ± 37.57 minutes, P = .014). In addition, the resection speed of the snare-assisted EFTR group was also significantly faster than that of the S-EFTR group (4.04 ± 2.23 versus 2.48 ± 0.93 mm2/min, P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in the age, gender, lesion size, postoperative fasting duration, and postoperative hospitalization stay between the two groups (P > .05). One patient in the SAT-EFTR group developed delayed postoperative perforation which was close with purse‑string suture technique. All patients were discharged successfully, and there was no recurrence or metastasis during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Snare-assisted traction of EFTR could shorten the operation time, reduce the difficulty of the operation, and improve the efficiency of the operation. At the same time, this method is simple and easy to learn, more suitable for beginners, and worthy of clinical promotion and application.

UNASSIGNED: To characterize the dynamic changes of fundus in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease through enhanced spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and explore the predictors of visual prognosis.
UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 2152 VKH patients referred to our uveitis center from January 2013 to April 2022 were screened; 151 new-onset VKH patients (299 eyes) and 82 healthy controls (164 eyes) were included. The manifestations of fundus at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months after treatment were analysed and their relevance to visual prognosis were evaluated.
UNASSIGNED: After retinal detachment (RD) (97.3%) and optic disc swelling (100%) presented at baseline, retinal reattachment (81.6%) and the granular hyperreflective depositions at the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (61.5%) were observed at month 1. The RPE and ellipsoid zone rearrangement accompanying interdigitation zone attenuation (57.9%) was noted finally. Choroidal thickness of patients was higher than that in the controls at baseline and month 1 (both P < 0.001). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) (P < 0.001; OR, 4.01), subretinal fibrinoid exudate (P < 0.001; OR, 3.9) and RPE folds (p = 0.001; OR, 2.39) at baseline, and the RD at month 1 (P < 0.001; OR, 3.42) were associated with visual prognosis.
UNASSIGNED: New-onset VKH patients after treatment exhibited dynamic changes in the fundus especially the outer retina during a 12-month period. The BCVA, subretinal fibrinoid exudate, and RPE folds at baseline, and RD at month May 1, serve as predictors of visual prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The optic disc-foveal distance is very important as it is an anatomical measure of the fundus. As this distance increases and the fundus tension, there may be variability in retinal and choroidal thickness. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between optic disc-foveal distance and choroidal and retinal nerve fiber thickness in healthy subjects.
METHODS: A total of 72 people between the ages of 20-36 participated in the study. Optic disc-foveal distance was measured with a fundus camera and choroidal and retinal nerve fiber thicknesses were measured with an OCT (Optical coherence tomography) device. Littmann\'s formula (t = p × q × s) as modified by Bennett was applied to correct the magnification at the fundus camera imaging stage.
RESULTS: The thickness of the nasal choroid (p=0.005; p=0.006), subfoveal choroid (p=0.004; p < 0.001) and temporal choroid (p=0.001; p=0.001) layers decreased as the DFD (Optic disc-to-foveal distance) increased in both right and left eyes of the individuals participating in the study, which was statistically significant. In addition, it was observed that the RNLF (Retinal nerve fiber layer) increased as the DFD distance increased, but this was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the optic disc-foveal distance, an anatomical measure of the fundus, does not affect RNLF in young and healthy subjects, but choroidal thickness does.

A 54-year-old female with a gastrostomy tube presented with persistent nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. On physical examination, the gastrostomy tube was completely advanced into the abdominal cavity with only the external retention ring and hub on the exterior. The first step in the workup was obtaining a scout radiograph. This imaging was appropriate to show the location of the gastrostomy catheter which was overlying the left upper quadrant. The distal tip was heading in the direction of the left lower quadrant. The course of the gastrostomy catheter did not follow the expected direction of the duodenal C-loop. Proceeding forward, contrast was injected through the existing catheter which showed opacification of the jejunal bowel loops. The patient could now be properly diagnosed with gastroenteric intussusception and proper measures could be taken. Following the injected contrast showing jejunal opacification, a stiff Glidewire was advanced through the existing catheter all the way into the jejunum. Deflation of the balloon and removal of the catheter caused an almost instantaneous change in the course of the Glidewire to the more conventional path following the course of the duodenal C-loop. A sheath was then advanced over the wire which was now shown crossing the midline in the proper gastroduodenojejunal course. The final step was to advance a new 22-French MIC gastrostomy catheter over the Glidewire. The contrast was then injected to demonstrate proper opacification of the rugal folds and gastric fundus. The patient reported an immediate resolution of symptoms and was later discharged.

BACKGROUND: Applications for artificial intelligence (AI) in ophthalmology are continually evolving. Fundoscopy is one of the oldest ocular imaging techniques but remains a mainstay in posterior segment imaging due to its prevalence, ease of use, and ongoing technological advancement. AI has been leveraged for fundoscopy to accomplish core tasks including segmentation, classification, and prediction.
METHODS: In this article we provide a review of AI in fundoscopy applied to representative chorioretinal pathologies, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, among others. We conclude with a discussion of future directions and current limitations.
CONCLUSIONS: As AI evolves, it will become increasingly essential for the modern ophthalmologist to understand its applications and limitations to improve patient outcomes and continue to innovate.

The value of coarsely labeled datasets in learning transferable representations for medical images is investigated in this work. Compared to fine labels which require meticulous effort to annotate, coarse labels can be acquired at a significantly lower cost and can provide useful training signals for data-hungry deep neural networks. We consider coarse labels in the form of binary labels differentiating a normal (healthy) image from an abnormal (diseased) image and propose CAMContrast, a two-stage representation learning framework for medical images. Using class activation maps, CAMContrast makes use of the binary labels to generate heatmaps as positive views for contrastive representation learning. Specifically, the learning objective is optimized to maximize the agreement within fixed crops of image-heatmap pair to learn fine-grained representations that are generalizable to different downstream tasks. We empirically validate the transfer learning performance of CAMContrast on several public datasets, covering classification and segmentation tasks on fundus photographs and chest X-ray images. The experimental results showed that our method outperforms other self-supervised and supervised pretrain methods in terms of data efficiency and downstream performance.

Background: The aim in this study was to investigate the localization of diabetic retinopathy features at the posterior pole. Methods: This study extracted diabetic retinopathy feature locations from 757 macula-centered 45-degree fundus photographs in the publicly available DDR dataset. Arteriole and venule locations were also extracted from the RITE (n = 35) and IOSTAR (n = 29) datasets. Images were normalized to collocate optic disc and macula positions, and feature positions were collated to generate a frequency distribution matrix. Sørensen-Dice coefficients were calculated to compare the location of different features. Results: Arterioles occurred in two main, distinct arcuate patterns. Venules showed a more diffuse distribution. Microaneurysms were diffusely located around the posterior pole. Hemorrhages and exudates occurred more frequently at the temporal aspect of the macula. Cotton wool spots occurred in a region approximating the radial peripapillary capillaries. Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities and neovascularization were seen throughout the posterior pole, with neovascularization at the disc (n = 65) being more common than neovascularization elsewhere (n = 46). Venous beading occurred primarily between the first and third bifurcations of the venules. Diabetic retinopathy overall was more frequent in the temporal aspect of the macula. The location of cotton wool spots and exudates showed moderate similarity (0.52) when all data were considered, reducing to low similarity (0.18) when areas of low frequency were removed. Conclusions: Diabetic retinopathy occurs throughout the posterior pole but is more frequent in the temporal aspect of the macula. Understanding the location of diabetic retinopathy features may help inform visual search strategies for diabetic retinopathy screening.

This article presents a Multimodal database consisting of 222 images of 76 people wherein 111 are OCTA images and 111 are color fundus images taken at the Natasha Eye Care and Research Institute of Pune Maharashtra, India. Nonmydriatic fundus images were acquired using a confocal SLO widefield fundus imaging Eidon machine. Nonmydriatic OCTA images were acquired using the Optovue Avanti Edition machine Initially, the clinical approach described in this article was used to obtain the retinal images. Following that, the dataset was categorized by two experienced eye specialists. To identify instances of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) with their various stages, medical professionals and scholars can use this data. Research scholars and ophthalmologists can utilize the data created to develop the initial stages of automated identification techniques for diabetic retinopathy (DR).