Fragrant peanut oils (FPOs) are commonly defined as edible peanut oils having strong natural roasted peanut flavor without peculiar unpleasant odors and produced from peanut kernels through roasting/steaming and pressing operations, etc. The flavor of FPOs plays a crucial role in their acceptability and applications and their flavor profiles are an important factor in determining their overall quality. This paper presents a systematic literature review of recent advances and knowledge on FPOs, especially their flavors, in which it is focused on the evaluation of volatile compounds, the factors influencing the formation of flavor compounds, and formation mechanisms of those typical flavor compounds. More than 300 volatiles are found in FPOs, while some key aroma-active compounds and their potential formation pathways are examined. Factors that have big influences on flavor are discussed also, including the properties of raw materials, processing technologies, and storage conditions. Ultimately, the paper highlights the challenges facing, including the challenges in flavor analysis, the relationship between volatile compounds and sensory attributes, as well as the opening of the blackboxes of flavor formations during the processing steps, etc.

The brewing-dependent molecular diversity, properties, and formation mechanism of Moutai (a typical sauce-flavor Baijiu) base Baijiu, were explored using FT-ICR MS combined with various visualization methods. Seven-round Moutai base Baijiu exhibited significant diversity and heterogeneity, containing more unsaturated/saturated reduced molecules. The increased brewing round increased the molecular unsaturation/aromaticity and enhanced the transformation between saturated/oxidized and unsaturated/reduced molecules. Moreover, lignin-/aliphatic-/peptide-/lipid-like molecules dominated the molecular characteristics of Moutai base Baijiu. The basic and acidic components contained more reduced carbohydrate-/lipid-like molecules and oxidized tannin-like/condensed aromatic molecules, respectively, contributing to the molecular stability and diversity, respectively. More unique lipid-like and lignin-like molecules newly formed in the early and late brewing rounds, respectively, and the increased brewing shifted the chemical reaction from a single dominant to a multi-dimensional balance. More unique N-containing molecules (>450 Da) significantly contributed the specific brewing characteristics. These new findings help to understand the molecular-level formation mechanism of Moutai base Baijiu.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention due to their unique structure and properties. However, it is difficult to synthesize h-BN nanoparticles with uniform spherical morphology due to their crystal characteristic. The morphology control by tuning their precursor synthesis is a promising and effective strategy to solve this problem. Especially, the treatment temperature of precursors plays an important role in the morphology and surface area of h-BN nanoparticles. Herein, h-BN nanoparticles with different morphologies were synthesized via regulating the treatment temperature of precursors. The result shows that treatment temperature will affect the microstructure and state of precursor and further influence the morphology of h-BN products. Benefiting from the unique structure, the h-BN obtained using 250 °C precursors shows higher specific surface area (61.1 m2 g-1) than that of 85 °C (36.5 m2 g-1) and 145 °C (27.9 m2 g-1). h-BN products obtained using 250 °C precursors show higher specific surface area than that of 85 °C and 145 °C. The optimal condition for obtaining high-quality spherical h-BN is the pretreatment temperature of 250 °C and sintering temperature of 1300 °C. Importantly, compared with commercial h-BN nanoparticles, the synthesized h-BN nanoparticles show more uniform structure and larger specific surface area, indicating that sintering activity will be greatly improved. Furthermore, the reaction pathway and formation mechanism of h-BN was revealed by DFT calculations. The result shows that the five stationary states and five transition states exist in the reaction pathway, and the energy barrier can be overcome at high temperatures to form a ring h-BN. In view of its simplicity and efficiency, this work is promising for designing and guiding the synthesis of h-BN nanoparticles with uniform morphology.

Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs) are commonly released into the environment as byproducts of combustion processes, accompanied by flue gases. Chlorinated (Cl) and brominated (Br) precursors play crucial roles in forming PXDD/Fs. However, the specific contributions of Cl-precursors and Br-precursors to PXDD/Fs formation have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we demonstrate that the formation of Br-precursors can increase the fraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) congeners substituted at specific positions, such as 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF. This is attributed to the electrophilic chlorination reaction of the Br-precursors, which includes the Br-to-Cl transformation pathway, following the principle of regioselectivity. The observed formation of polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/benzofurans (PBCDD/Fs) from 1,2-dibromobenzene (1,2-DiBBz) as a Br precursor provides direct evidence supporting the proposed Br-to-Cl transformation. Quantum chemical calculations are employed to discuss the principle of regioselectivity in the Br-to-Cl transformation, clarifying the priority of the position for electrophilic chlorination. Additionally, the concentration of PCDD/Fs formed from 1,2-DiBBz is 1.6 μg/kg, comparable to that of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) (2.4 μg/kg), highlighting the potential of brominated organic pollutants as precursors for PCDD/Fs formation. This study provides three potential pathways for PCDD/Fs formation from Br-precursors, establishing a theoretical foundation for elucidating the formation mechanism of PXDD/Fs in the coexistence of Cl and Br.

Carbon dots (CDs), as a kind of zero-dimensional nanomaterials, have been widely synthesized by bottom-up methods from various precursors. However, the formation mechanism is still unclear and controversial, which also brings difficulty to the regulation of structures and properties. Only some tentative formation processes were postulated by analyzing the products obtained at different reaction times and temperatures. Here, the effect of crosslinking on the formation of carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) is explored. Crosslinking-induced nucleation and carbonization (CINC) is proposed as the driving force for the formation of CPDs. Under hydrothermal synthesis, the precursors are initiated to polymerize and crosslink. The crosslinking brings higher hydrophobicity to generate the hydrophilic/hydrophobic microphase separation, which promotes dehydration and carbonization resulting in the formation of CPDs. Based on the principle of CINC, the influence factors of size are also revealed. Moreover, the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation is employed to support this formation mechanism. This concept of CINC will bring light to the formation process of CPDs, as well as facilitate the regulation of CPDs\' size and photoluminescence.

Ship emissions are a significant source of air pollution, and the primary policy to control is fuel oil quality improvement. However, the impact of this policy on particle size distribution and composition characteristics remains unclear. Measurements were conducted on nine different vessels (ocean-going vessels, coastal cargo ships, and inland cargo ships) to determine the impact of fuel upgrading (S < 0.1% m/m marine gas oil (MGO) vs S < 0.5% m/m heavy fuel oil (HFO)) on elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted by ships. (1) Fuel improvement significantly reduced EC and PAH emission, by 31 ± 25 and 45 ± 38%, respectively. However, particle size distributions showed a trend toward finer particles, with the peak size decreasing from DP = 0.38-0.60 μm (HFO) to DP = 0.15-0.25 μm (MGO), and the emission factor of DP < 100 nm increased. (2) Changes in emission characteristics led to an increase in the toxicity of ultrafine particulate matter. (3) Ship types and engine conditions affected the EC and PAH particle size distributions. Inland ships have a more concentrated particle size distribution. Higher loads result in higher emissions. (4) The composition and engine conditions of fuel oils jointly affected pollutant formation mechanisms. MGO and HFO exhibited opposite EC emissions when emitting the same level of PAHs.

To investigate the differences of nanocelluloses with various morphologies, ammonium persulphate (APS) oxidation, H3PO4 dissolution and regeneration, and ball milling combined with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) as a medium were applied to isolate cellulose nanocrystals (MCNCs), cellulose nanospheres (MCNSs) and cellulose fibrils (MCNFs) from millet bran. The structure, properties, and formation mechanism of three nanocelluloses were comparatively investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscope, scanning electronic microscope, and emulsifying ability evaluation. MCNCs had needle-like structures due to the removal of amorphous regions, MCNFs appeared fibrous structures due to swelling and mechanical force, and MCNSs displayed spherical structures through self-assembly. MCNCs and MCNFs were confirmed to exhibit cellulose I structures with crystallinities of 61.24 % and 50.09 %, respectively. MCNSs showed the highest crystallinity of 68.41 % with a cellulose II structure. MCNFs and MCNSs exhibited higher initial decomposition temperatures, while MCNCs showed the highest residual mass. MCNFs suspension showed the highest apparent viscosity, while MCNSs suspension demonstrated superior dispersion. MCNSs-emulsion displayed the smallest droplet size, and MCNFs-emulsion exhibited the highest viscosity. This study reveals the formation mechanisms and relationship between morphologies and properties of three millet bran nanocelluloses, providing a theoretical basis for their application.

In this study, to enhance the cutting efficiency and precision of the chip while minimizing waste from cutting damage, molecular dynamics simulation is used to investigate the formation mechanism of defects and cracks of silicon carbide crystals during the laser stealth dicing. The results showed that the high thermal stress generated by the laser scanning induced the production and expansion of cracks. Thus, the crack propagates in the direction of [100], and subsequently forms branches in the directions of [101] and [101‾]. It also can be found that the silicon carbide crystals produced dislocation slip, and the dislocation lines moved along the slip surface, which impeded the crack extension in the directions of [101‾] and [1‾01‾]. In addition, atomic phase transformation and loss is occurred under the high-temperature environment of the laser heating process. Cubic diamond crystal structure atoms are partially transformed into amorphous structure, while a small portion transformed into hexagonal diamond structure. The crystal structural arranged orderliness temporarily increased and then rapidly decreased due to prefabrication defects, and new unknown crystal structures are produced.

The construction and operation of the construction and demolition waste (C&DW) landfills often encounter significant opposition from nearby residents, which is called the \"not in my backyard\" (NIMBY) effect. However, little is known about the formation mechanism of the NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling, so this research was conducted for this purpose. First, the influencing factors leading to the NIMBY effect were determined based on a literature review and questionnaire survey. Then, the interrelationship and influencing path of critical factors were revealed using expert interviews and Interpretative Structural Modelling. The results shown that 12 factors from four levels (including residents, society, government, and enterprises) caused the NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling. These factors formed a complex network comprising 18 influencing paths. Notably, policy and responding measures as pivotal bottom-level factors that trigger the NIMBY effect by indirectly impacting residents\' rights awareness and shaping public perception towards C&DW landfill operation enterprises through directly affecting personal interest, cognitive bias, distrust, disposal technology, management level, opinion leader, and other intermediate factors, ultimately triggering the NIMBY effect. Moreover, strategies for mitigating or resolving the NIMBY effect were proposed, such as protecting personal reasonable interests, understanding the potential risks of C&DW landfills rationally, reporting the C&DW landfills from an objective perspective, improving policies and promoting public participation, and enhancing supervision of the C&DW landfills. The study added new knowledge to the current public\'s NIMBY effect in C&DW landfilling. Meanwhile, it also provided a reference for formulating C&DW landfilling policies and selecting landfill sites.

Algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) composed of microalgae and aerobic granular sludge, is a sustainable and promising technology for wastewater treatment. However, the formation mechanism of ABGS has not been clearly defined, and the direct formation of ABGS in saline wastewater has rarely been investigated. This study proposed novel insights into the granulation process of ABGS by assembling the algal barrier, which was successfully cultivated directly in saline wastewater. The results concluded that ABGS with the algal barrier maintained a higher biomass (MLSS of 7046 ± 61 mg/L), larger particle sizes (1.21 ± 0.06 mm), and better settleability (SVI30 of 46 ± 1 mL/g), enabling efficient pollutants removal. Soluble microbial products (SMP) were found to be closely related to the emergence of the algal barrier. In addition, under salinity stress, the high production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS, 133.70 ± 1.40 mg/g VSS), specifically TB-EPS (90.29 ± 1.12 mg/g VSS), maintained a crucial role in the formation of ABGS. Further analysis indicated that biofilm producing bacteria Pseudofulvimonas and filamentous eukaryote Streptophyta were the key players in ABGS formation with the algal barrier. Furthermore, the enhancement of key genes and enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, TCA cycle, and polysaccharide metabolism suggested a more robust protective effect provided by the algal barrier. This study is expected to advance the application of simultaneous ABGS formation and pollutant removal in wastewater.