背景:食物沙漠是一个主要的公共卫生问题。获得健康食品的不足与营养不良和与饮食相关的慢性疾病的发展有关。
目的:确定获得营养食品的地理途径与早产之间的关联,以及妊娠期高血压是否介导了这种关系。
方法:从美国农业部食品获取研究地图集(2019年)中检索了食品获取数据,并用于量化每个县的人口普查区域中食品荒漠的百分比:进入杂货店有限的低收入区域,超市,或其他健康来源,营养食品。通过使用产妇居住县(n=7,533,319),这些数据与2018年至2019年的美国出生记录合并。我们用广义估计方程拟合粗略和调整后的逻辑回归模型,以确定生活在食物沙漠中与早产几率之间的关联。我们通过对非西班牙裔白人和非西班牙裔黑人出生的人的种族对完全调整的模型进行分层,进行了次要的组内分析。
结果:在完全调整的模型中,我们发现了剂量-反应关系.随着县内道级食物沙漠的流行增加,早产的可能性也是如此(中间范围:比值比(OR)=1.04,95%置信区间(C.I.)1.01-1.07;高:OR=1.07,95%C.I.1.03-1.11)。在白-黑分层模型中看到了类似的结果。然而,由于黑人分娩的人早产的几率最高,因此仍然存在差距。最后,妊娠期高血压似乎介导了营养食品获取与早产之间的关系(自然间接效应(NIE)=1.01,95%CI=1.00,1.01)。
结论:很明显,特别是对于经历高不良分娩率的黑人分娩者,在母婴健康差距中探索食物沙漠居住权的作用。
BACKGROUND: Food deserts are a major public health concern. Inadequate access to healthy food has been associated with poor nutrition and the development of dietary related chronic conditions.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between geographic access to nutritious food and preterm birth and whether gestational hypertension mediates this relationship.
METHODS: Food access data was retrieved from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Access Research Atlas (2019) and used to quantify the percentage of Census tracts within each county that were food deserts: low-income tracts with limited access to grocery stores, supermarkets, or other sources of healthy, nutritious foods. These data were merged with US birth records from 2018 to 2019 by using the maternal county of residence (n = 7,533,319). We fit crude and adjusted logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to determine the association between living in a food desert and the odds of preterm birth. We conducted a secondary within-group analysis by stratifying the fully adjusted model by race for non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black birthing people.
RESULTS: In the fully adjusted model, we found a dose-response relationship. As the prevalence of tract-level food deserts within counties increased, so did the likelihood of preterm birth (mid-range: odds ratio (OR) = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (C.I.) 1.01-1.07; high: OR = 1.07, 95% C.I. 1.03-1.11). Similar results were seen in the White-Black stratified models. However, a disparity remained as Black birthing people had the highest odds for preterm birth. Lastly, gestational hypertension appears to mediate the relationship between nutritious food access and preterm birth (natural indirect effect (NIE) = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.01).
CONCLUSIONS: It is salient, particularly for Black birthing people who experience high rates of adverse birth outcomes, that the role of food desert residency be explored within maternal and child health disparities.