这项研究调查了林波波省沙河和血河中酶和组织学作为潜在生物标志物的用途,南非。在沙河的S1,S2,S3,S4和S5站点以及血河的B1和B2站点分析了物理化学参数。选择S1和B1站点作为参考站点,位于Polokwane和Seshego废水处理厂(WWTP)污水排放点的上游,分别。评估的水质参数是水温,溶解氧(DO),生物需氧量(BOD),总溶解固体(TDS),浊度,氨,氮,磷,和pH。污水处理厂下游的站点记录到氮水平升高,磷,和氨。DO,氨,氮,和磷高于水生生态系统的目标水质范围(TWQR)。加拿大环境水质指数部长理事会(CCMEWQI)表明,参考地点的水状况良好,而下游地点(S2,B2,S3和S4)的水状况较差。下游站点的Clariasgariepinus大脑中的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)酶活性低于废水排放点上游站点的酶活性。与在参照地点捕获的鱼相比,来自下游地点的Clariasgariepinus的肝脏显示出更高的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性。此外,来自下游站点的Clariasgariepinus在g和肝脏中的组织学变化比来自上游的鱼多。在the中观察到的组织学改变包括次级薄片的融合,层间增生,次级薄层的上皮提升,和次生薄片的增生。在肝脏中,观察到的组织学改变包括黑素营养中心(MMC),大泡性脂肪变性,充满Kupffer细胞的正弦曲线,核多态性,和空泡。与下游站点相比,参考站点的g和肝脏指数显着降低。显然,AChE,LDH,g和肝脏组织学可用作河流中水生生物退化的早期预警信号,这些河流是处理不良的污水。
This study investigated the use of enzymes and histology as potential biomarkers in Sand and Blood Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed at sites S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 of the Sand River and sites B1 and B2 of the Blood River. Sites S1 and B1 were selected as the reference sites and located upstream of the Polokwane and Seshego wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluent discharge points, respectively. Water quality parameters assessed were water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, ammonia, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pH. Sites downstream the WWTPs recorded elevated levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and ammonia. DO, ammonia, nitrogen, and phosphorus were above the targeted water quality range (TWQR) for aquatic ecosystems. The Canadian council of ministers of the environment water quality index (CCME WQI) showed that the reference sites had good water condition while sites downstream (S2, B2, S3, and S4) had poor water condition. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in the brain of Clarias gariepinus from sites downstream was lower than those from sites upstream of the effluent discharge points. The liver of Clarias gariepinus from sites downstream showed higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity compared to fish caught at the reference sites. Furthermore, Clarias gariepinus from sites downstream showed a number of histological alterations in gills and liver than fish from upstream. Histological alterations observed in gills included fusion of the secondary lamellae, hyperplasia of the interlamellar, epithelial lifting of secondary lamellae, and hyperplasia of the secondary lamellae. In the liver, histological alterations observed included melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), macrovesicular steatosis, sinusoid congested with kupffer cells, nuclei pleomorphism, and vacuolation. The gill and liver indices were significantly lower at the reference sites compared to sites downstream. Evidently, AChE, LDH, and gill and liver histology can be used as early warning signs of aquatic degradation in rivers that are recipients of poorly treated sewage effluent.