Global warming and unpredictable nature possess a negative impact on fisheries and the daily activities of other habitats. GIS and remote sensing approach is an effective tool to determine the morphological characteristics of the lake. The present study addresses the interactive effect of climate and landuse changes hit on fish catch in lake fisheries. We used a combination of the landscape disturbance index, vulnerability index, and loss index to construct a complete ecological risk assessment framework based on the landscape structure of regional ecosystems. The results indicate an increase from around 45%-76% in the percentage of land susceptible to moderate to ecological severe risk in the landscape from 2004 to 2023. Since 1950, temperature changes have increased by 0.4%, precipitation has decreased by 6%, and water levels have decreased by 4.2%, based on the results. The results indicate that landuse, water temperature, precipitation, and water depth significantly impact the aquaculture system. The findings strongly suggest integrating possible consequences of environmental change on fish yield for governance modeling techniques to minimize their effects.

The fisheries sector of Tanzania is dominated by small-scale fishers who produce up to 95% of the total amount of fish caught in the country. The small-scale fisheries are constrained by inadequate infrastructure, including a lack of capacity for processing and cold storage facilities, poor transportation and fishing tools that increase post-harvest losses. Small-scale fishers lack sufficient capital and skills to invest in modern fishing technologies. Additionally, social-demographic aspects of the fishers, such as education level, gender, age, fishing experience and training influence access to fishing resources and capital, leading to variation in fish catch and post-harvest losses. Thus, this study examined factors that influence fish catch and spoilage in small-scale fisheries in the Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Forty randomly selected fishers from the Mlingotini fishing village were interviewed. The results show that after spending an average of 11 h per fishing session, the fishers catch an average of 18.5 kg of fish. The amount of fish captured differed with fishing experience, age and sex of the fisher, education level of the fisher, and the time spent selling the captured fish. On average, 10% of the weight of the fish captured per fishing session spoils. The level of spoilage varied according to the fisher\'s age and sex, education level, fishing experience, length of fishing session, and fishing gear used. Provision of training related to fish processing and handling and improvement of cold storage and transport facilities are recommended to reduce spoilage.