UNASSIGNED: The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success of amniotic membrane derivative (AMD), chitosan with mineral trioxide aggregate (C-MTA), diode laser (DL), and ferric sulfate (FS) as pulpotomy agents in human primary molars.
UNASSIGNED: In this present study, pulpotomies were performed on 48 primary molars in 30 children aged between 4 and 8 years (12 teeth in each group). Following the pulpotomy procedure, teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically at 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 9 monthly intervals.
UNASSIGNED: After 9 months of follow-up, the clinical success was 91.6% for AMD and C-MTA and 83.3% for DL and FS. Radiographic success was 91.6, 91.6, 75, and 83.3% for AMD, C-MTA, DL, and FS groups, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference between the four groups (p > 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Results of our study showed that both AMD and C-MTA were equally successful compared to traditional agents like laser and ferric sulfate as pulpotomy agents.
UNASSIGNED: Amniotic membrane derivative (AMD) and C-MTA are alternative biomimetic pulpotomy agents that can be used in pediatric primary tooth pulpotomies.
UNASSIGNED: Lahoti VC, Lahoti P, Gundreddy LM, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Amniotic Membrane Derivative, Chitosan with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Diode Laser, and Ferric Sulfate as Pulpotomy Agents in Human Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(2):153-157.

OBJECTIVE: This study systematically reviewed the clinical and radiographic outcomes of laser versus conventional pulpotomy in primary teeth. It also compared the success and effectiveness of different lasers to enhance the understanding and use of laser pulpotomy as an alternative treatment.
METHODS: An electronic search was carried out in PubMed and Cochrane from 1st January 1999 to 31st December 2023. The published articles in the English language were searched using MeSH terms and text words. Only randomized controlled trials with a sample size of more than 10 and follow-ups over 6 months were included. Meta-analysis and forest plots were evaluated by utilizing Review Manager 5.4 software. Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias using the RoB 2 tool and discrepancies were resolved by the third reviewer. The success rates were combined using a random effects model to determine clinical and radiographic outcomes. We used risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) as the primary effect measures and set the significance level at 0.05.
RESULTS: Only 18 studies met the inclusion criteria after an electronic search. Among them, 13 studies evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcomes of laser with formocresol pulpotomy, 2 studies compared with ferric sulfate pulpotomy, and the remaining studies with Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) pulpotomy. The various studies showed different levels of bias. There was no significant difference in the clinical success rate (p = 0.47; RR: 1.01; 95% CI 0.98-1.04; I2 = 0%; p = 0.70) and radiographic success rate (p = 0.94; RR: 1.00; 95% CI 0.91-1.09; I2 = 64%; p = 0.001) between laser pulpotomy and formocresol. Similarly, there was no significant difference between laser pulpotomy and ferric sulfate or MTA pulpotomy.
CONCLUSIONS: Diode laser and LLLT can be considered as alternative pulpotomy agents to formocresol in primary teeth. However, high-quality trials are needed to confirm the accuracy and reliability of these findings.

The adsorption mechanisms for model hydrocarbons, 4-nitrophenol (PNP), and naphthalene were studied in a coagulation-based process using a ferric sulfate-lime softening system. Kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption parameters for this system were obtained under variable ionic strength and temperature. An in situ method was used to investigate kinetic adsorption profiles for PNP and naphthalene, where a pseudo-first order kinetic model adequately described the process. Thermodynamic parameters for the coagulation of PNP and naphthalene reveal an endothermic and spontaneous process. River water was compared against lab water samples at optimized conditions, where the results reveal that ions in the river water decrease the removal efficiency (RE; %) for PNP (RE = 28 to 20.3%) and naphthalene (RE = 89.0 to 80.2%). An aluminum sulfate (alum) coagulant was compared against the ferric system. The removal of PNP with alum decreased from RE = 20.5% in lab water and to RE = 16.8% in river water. Naphthalene removal decreased from RE = 89.0% with ferric sulfate to RE = 83.2% with alum in lab water and from RE = 80.2% for the ferric system to RE = 75.1% for alum in river water. Optical microscopy and dynamic light scattering of isolated flocs corroborated the role of ions in river water, according to variable RE and floc size distribution.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and mineral trioxide aggregate as base materials on the clinical and radiographic success of ferric sulfate pulpotomies in primary molars.
METHODS: Following hemostasis with 15.5% ferric sulfate, 105 teeth were randomly allocated to three groups: Group 1, zinc oxide-eugenol; Group 2, calcium hydroxide; and Group 3, mineral trioxide aggregate. All teeth were restored with stainless-steel crowns. Clinical and radiographic examinations were conducted at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.
RESULTS: After 24 months, clinical success rates for Groups 1 to 3 were 97.1% (34/35 teeth), 94.2% (33/35 teeth), and 97.1% (34/35 teeth), respectively (P > .05). Radiographic success rates were 65.7% (23/35 teeth), 65.7% (23/35 teeth), and 77.1% (27/35 teeth), respectively (P > .05). Internal resorption was the most observed radiographic finding (15/105 teeth).
CONCLUSIONS: The choice of zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and mineral trioxide aggregate, as base materials, did not affect the clinical and radiographic success of ferric sulfate pulpotomies in primary teeth.

Cyanobacterial blooms are a global concern. Chemical coagulants are used in water treatment to remove contaminants from the water column and could potentially be used in lakes and reservoirs. The aims of this study was to: 1) assess the efficiency of ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) coagulant in removing harmful cyanobacterial cells from lake water with cyanobacterial blooms on a short time scale, 2) determine whether some species of cyanobacteria can be selectively removed, and 3) determine the differential impact of coagulants on intra- and extra-cellular toxins. Our main results are: (i) more than 96% and 51% of total cyanobacterial cells were removed in mesocosms with applied doses of 35 mgFe/L and 20 mgFe/L, respectively. Significant differences in removing total cyanobacterial cells and several dominant cyanobacteria species were observed between the two applied doses; (ii) twelve microcystins, anatotoxin-a (ANA-a), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anabaenopeptin A (APA) and anabaenopeptin B (APB) were identified. Ferric sulfate effectively removed the total intracellular microcystins (greater than 97% for both applied doses). Significant removal of extracellular toxins was not observed after coagulation with both doses. Indeed, the occasional increase in extracellular toxin concentration may be related to cells lysis during the coagulation process. No significant differential impact of dosages on intra- and extra-cellular toxin removal was observed which could be relevant to source water applications where optimal dosing is difficult to achieve.

Microalgae are known as renewable, potential, and sustainable feedstocks for biofuel production. The present work investigated the efficient valorization of green microalgae Chlorella sp. to produce sugars and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) using thermochemical conversion with a metal-salt (ferric sulfate) as catalyst using a statistical approach and two-step conversion. A statistical approach with a Box-Behnken design was introduced to optimize the conversion for producing sugars. As a result of optimization, 86.46% sugar yield (68.32% glucose yield) was achieved under the condition of 5% biomass and 0.6 g-catalyst/g-biomass at 155 °C and 40 min. Two-step thermochemical conversion was introduced to produce 5-HMF from microalgae. In the first step, sugars were produced from the above optimum condition; in the second step, sugar hydrolysates were converted into 5-HMF by thermochemical conversion without an additional catalyst. In two-step conversion, the maximum 5-HMF yield (37.23%) was achieved at 170 °C and 60 min from the sugar hydrolysate of microalgae obtained from the first-step thermochemical conversion with ferric sulfate. In conclusion, the microalgae as biomass and ferric sulfate as catalyst have availability and the potential to produce biosugars and platform chemicals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and radiographic success of Biodentine® (BD) and Ferric Sulfate (FS) as primary molar pulpotomy materials and to compare their outcomes.
METHODS: Retrospective data was obtained from the electronic health records (EHR) of a university-based pediatric dental clinic. Participants were enrolled according to specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two trained and calibrated examiners evaluated the EHR using validated criteria for clinical and radiographic outcomes. Study data was numerically coded and analyzed. Cohen\'s Kappa and Chi-square tests were used (p<0.05).
RESULTS: Eighty-three participants (62.7% females, age range two to eight years, average age of 4.5 years) with 102 pulpotomies were enrolled. FS was used in 78% (n=79) and BD in 22% (n=23) of the cases. Follow-up periods ranged from six to 36 months (mean of 17 months). BD showed 100% clinical and radiographic success, while FS demonstrated 84% clinical and 70% radiographic success. The two groups were compared at one year with no statistically significant differences. At 18 months, BD outperformed FS clinically (p=.012) and radiographically (p=.001). Intra-rater and inter-rater agreement were κ>0.88.
CONCLUSIONS: Both materials can be recommended for clinical practice, however BD may be the preferred choice for its better outcomes at 18 months.

UNASSIGNED: This 3-year retrospective case series evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcome of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomy in primary molar teeth in a dental teaching hospital in Malaysia.
UNASSIGNED: Clinical and radiographic records of all pediatric patients who had pulpotomy of primary molar teeth between July 2005 and October 2008 were evaluated. A total of 55 pulpotomized primary molars were observed. Clinical assessments were carried out during the second visit to assess the presence of sinus tract, gingival swelling, excessive tooth mobility, tenderness to percussion, and abnormal exfoliation of the treated teeth. Periapical radiographs were reviewed for evidence of pathologic root resorption, radicular and/or periapical radiolucency, and abnormal pulp canal calcification. Treatments were regarded as failure in the presence of one or more of the above clinical and/or radiographic signs and symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: Of 55 pulpotomized teeth, 26 (47.3%) remained free from any clinical signs and symptoms and 48 (87.3%) showed no pathological radiographic findings. The clinical success rates of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomy were 44.4% and 60.0%, respectively, whereas the radiographic success rates of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomy were 86.7% and 90.0%, respectively. Although teeth treated with formocresol had higher both clinical and radiographic success rates compared with those treated with ferric sulfate, it was not statistically significant.
UNASSIGNED: The clinical success rates of pulpotomy were lower compared with radiographic success rates. Ferric sulfate is an alternative to formocresol; however, the use of both agents in the dental undergraduate teaching at Universiti Sains Malaysia can still be recommended.
UNASSIGNED: Formocresol and ferric sulfate are advocated as pulpotomy agents in primary molar teeth since both agents showed comparable clinical and radiographic success rates.
UNASSIGNED: Sanusi SY, Jamaludin SA, Al-Batayneh OB, et al. Fate of Pulpotomized Teeth in Pediatric Patients: A 3-year Case Series in a Malaysian Dental Teaching Hospital. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(1):79-84.

In spent lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium has a considerable recovery value but its content is quite low, thus a low-cost and efficient recycling process has become a challenging research topic. In this paper, two methods about using the non-oxidizing inorganic iron salt - Fe2(SO4)3 to recover lithium from LiFePO4 are proposed. The method-1 is theoretical-molar Fe2(SO4)3 (Fe2(SO4)3 : LiFePO4 =1:2) dosage is added and more than 97% of lithium can be leached in just 30 min even under a pretty high solid-liquid ratio of 500 g/L. Spectrophotometry provides the evidence of Fe2+/Fe3+ substitution in the leaching process. In the method-2, the generated Fe2+ originating from LiFePO4 is fully utilized with the addition of H2O2, and the dosage of Fe2(SO4)3 is decreased by two thirds (Fe2(SO4)3 : LiFePO4 =1:6). Several sulphates (CuSO4, NiSO4, MgSO4) are employed to explore the leaching mechanism. All the results reveal that the reaction of Fe3+ substituting Fe2+ has a powerful driving force. In addition, these two leaching processes simultaneously present superior selectivity for the impurities. The Fe2(SO4)3 in two methods does not cause pollution and is easily regenerated by adding H2SO4. The proposed rapid, efficient and selective leaching thought would be a competitive candidate for recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the success rate of formocresol and ferric sulfate through meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA).
METHODS: The protocol of the review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD 42018090044). Two independent reviewers used PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost databases to identify randomized clinical trials published from inception to June 2019. Patients undergoing pulpotomy therapy in vital primary molars with pulp exposure due to caries treated with formocresol and ferric sulfate were evaluated for clinical and radiographic success. Meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the success at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and TSA was performed for success at 24 months. Quality of evidence was determined by Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) analysis.
RESULTS: Eight clinical trials were included in meta-analysis. No difference was observed in the clinical and radiographic success rate between formocresol and ferric sulfate at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. TSA identified required information size of 687 teeth for clinical success and 568 teeth for radiographic success. In addition, it demonstrated evidence for radiographic success rate at an anticipated intervention effect of 10% for formocresol over ferric sulfate.
CONCLUSIONS: Formocresol and ferric sulfate show comparable clinical and radiographic success rates as pulpotomy material in primary molars at 24 months based on the studies with low to moderate quality of evidence.