对全球34亿人使用现场卫生系统的粪便污泥进行安全管理,可以大大减少全球传染病负担。然而,关于设计角色的知识有限,操作,以及环境因素对坑道中病原体存活的影响,尿液分流干燥厕所,和其他类型的现场厕所。我们进行了系统的文献综述和荟萃分析,以表征粪便污泥中病原体的减少率,粪便,和人类排泄物的pH值,温度,水分含量,以及使用添加剂进行干燥,碱化,或消毒。从26篇文章中描述的243个实验中提取的1,382个数据点的荟萃分析显示,病原体和来自不同微生物组的指标的腐烂率和T99值之间存在显着差异。T99的整体中位数为4.8天,29天,>341天,细菌为429天,病毒,原生动物(oo)囊肿,和蛔虫卵,分别。不出所料,更高的pH值,更高的温度,和石灰的应用都显著地预测了更大的病原体减少率,但使用石灰本身对细菌和病毒比对蛔虫卵更有效,除非还添加了尿素。在多个实验室规模的实验中,与没有尿素的情况相比,使用足够的石灰或灰分的尿素达到10-12的pH值和持续浓度为2,000-6,000mg/L的非质子化NH3-N更快地减少了A虫卵。总的来说,将粪便污泥储存6个月,充分控制了病毒和细菌的危害,但是需要更长的储存时间或尿素和低水分或热量的碱性处理来控制原生动物和蠕虫的危害。需要更多的研究来证明石灰的功效,灰,和尿素。还需要对原生动物病原体进行更多的研究,因为这个小组的合格实验很少。
The safe management of fecal sludge from the 3.4 billion people worldwide that use onsite sanitation systems can greatly reduce the global infectious disease burden. However, there is limited knowledge about the role of design, operational, and environmental factors on pathogen survival in pit latrines, urine diverting desiccation toilets, and other types of onsite toilets. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to characterize pathogen reduction rates in fecal sludge, feces, and human excreta with respect to pH, temperature, moisture content, and the use of additives for desiccation, alkalinization, or disinfection. A meta-analysis of 1,382 data points extracted from 243 experiments described in 26 articles revealed significant differences between the decay rates and T99 values of pathogens and indicators from different microbial groups. The overall median T99 values were 4.8 days, 29 days, >341 days, and 429 days for bacteria, viruses, protozoan (oo)cysts, and Ascaris eggs, respectively. As expected, higher pH values, higher temperatures, and the application of lime all significantly predicted greater pathogen reduction rates but the use of lime by itself was more effective for bacteria and viruses than for Ascaris eggs, unless urea was also added. In multiple lab-scale experiments, the application of urea with enough lime or ash to reach a pH of 10 - 12 and a sustained concentration of 2,000 - 6,000 mg/L of non-protonated NH3-N reduced Ascaris eggs more rapidly than without urea. In general, the storage of fecal sludge for 6 months adequately controls hazards from viruses and bacteria, but much longer storage times or alkaline treatment with urea and low moisture or heat is needed to control hazards from protozoa and helminths. More research is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of lime, ash, and urea in the field. More studies of protozoan pathogens are also needed, as very few qualifying experiments were found for this group.