Eugenia flavescens is a species cultivated in Brazil for food purposes. Given the potential application of essential oils from plants of the genus Eugenia, this study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition, acute toxicity, antioxidant, antinociceptive, gastroprotective activities, and possible mechanisms of action of the essential oil from the leaves of E. flavescens (EOEf). The EOEf was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the chemical composition was obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated, as well as the acute toxicity and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice. In addition, the gastroprotective effect was investigated using an acute gastric lesion model, considering possible mechanisms of action. The major components found in the EOEf were guaiol (19.97%), germacrene B (12.53%), bicyclogermacrene (11.11%), and E-caryophyllene (7.53%). The EOEf did not cause signs of toxicity in the acute oral toxicity test and showed in vitro antioxidant activity with IC50 ranging from 247.29 to 472.39 µg/mL in the tests ABTS and DPPH. In the nociceptive test, EOEf showed a 72.05% reduction in nociception at a dose of 100 mg/kg. In evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect, the essential oil inhibited paw edema by 95.50% and 97.69% at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. The results showed that EOEf has a gastroprotective effect, acting through the sulfhydryl compounds (-SH), nitric oxide (NO), and synthesis PGE2 pathways. The results suggested that EOEf is a promising source of constituents with antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective properties with application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Multiphase Pickering emulsions, including two or more active agents, are of great importance to effectively manage complicated wounds. However, current strategies based on Pickering emulsions are still unsatisfying since they involve only stabilization by inactive particles and encapsulation of the hydrophobic drugs in the oil phase. Herein, thyme essential oil (TEO) was encapsulated in the shell of functional tea polyphenol (TP)-curcumin (Cur) nanoparticles (TC NPs) to exemplarily develop a novel Pickering emulsion (TEO/TC PE). Hydrophobic Cur was loaded with hydrophilic TP to obtain TC NPs, and under homogenization, these TC NPs adsorbed on the surface of TEO droplets to form a stable core-shell structure. Owing to such an oil-in-water (O/W) structure, the sequential release of the first Cur from pH-responsive disintegrated TC NPs and then the leaked TEO from the emulsion yielded synergetic functions of TEO/TC PE, leading to enhanced antibacterial, biofilm elimination, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. This injectable TEO/TC PE was applied to treat the infected full-thickness skin defects, and satisfactory wound healing effects were achieved with rapid angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and skin regeneration. The present TEO/TC PE constituted entirely of plant-sourced active products is biosafe and expected to spearhead the future development of novel wound dressings.

Calotropis gigantea essential oil is utilized in outmoded medicine, therapeutics, and the cosmetic industries. However, the extreme volatility, oxidation susceptibility, and instability of this oil restricts its application. Thus, encapsulation is a more effective method of shielding this oil from unfavorable circumstances. The creation of oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions based on Calotropis gigantea essential oil (CEO), known as CNE (Calotropis gigantea essential oil nanoemulsions), and an assessment of its biological potential were the goals of this work. UV, fluorescence, and FT-IR methods were used for physiological characterization. Biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. Studies on the pharmacokinetics of CNE were conducted. CNEs encapsulation efficiency was found to be 92%. The CNE nanoemulsions had a spherical shape with polydispersity index of 0.531, size of 200 nm, and a zeta potential of -35.9 mV. Even after being stored at various temperatures for 50 days, CNE nanoemulsions remained stable. Numerous tests were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of CNE, and the following IC50 values (µl/mL) were found: iron chelating assay: 18, hydroxyl radical scavenging: 37, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity: 58. The percentage of HeLa cells that remained viable after being treated with CNE was 41% at a higher dose of 1 µl. CNE inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner, with 72% inhibition at its higher dose of 250 µL. Research on the kinetics of drugs showed that nanoemulsions showed Higuchi pattern. This research showed potential use of Calotropis gigantea oil-based nanoemulsions in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

The study examined the effects of herb drying, salt concentration, pH, and sampling approach on essential oil yield and composition in Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Fresh samples yielded higher essential oil (EO) (1.25%) than shade-dried ones. Increasing NaCl concentration correlated with higher EO yields, while a basic pH favoured superior yields. Gas Chromatography identified Eugenol and β-myrcene as primary constituents. Eugenol content peaked at 10% NaCl (56.429%) and was lowest at pH 4 (42.850%). β-myrcene content was highest at pH 4 (31.476%). Hydro distillation with systematic sampling evaluated the effects of 14 fractions in different time frames. Phenylpropanoids (mainly eugenol) and acyclic monoterpene (mainly β-myrcene) dominated all fractions, with cyclic monoterpene (mainly limonene) enriched in the first four fractions. Fractions 10 to 14 showed significant increases in eugenol compared to the control. These findings provide insights for meeting market demands, enhancing the commercial potential of P. dioica EO.

UNASSIGNED: Cinnamomum camphora is a commercially important tree species in China, and it\'s also a common native tree in the forests of southern China. However, literature on the impact of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil (CCEO) on human psychophysiological activity is scarce. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of exposure to CCEO on the functioning of the human autonomic nervous system, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and emotional state.
UNASSIGNED: Forty-three healthy university students participated. The data collected included heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and the results of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test.
UNASSIGNED: A drop in diastolic pressure (DBP) and pulse rate was also noticed after participants inhaled CCEO. Furthermore, EEG studies have demonstrated notable reductions in absolute beta (AB), absolute gamma (AG), absolute high beta (AHB), and relative gamma (RG) power spectra during exposure to CCEO. Conversely, the relative theta (RT) and power spectra values showed a significant increase. Additionally, the finding from POMS indicated that the fragrance evoked positive emotions and suppressed negative feelings.
UNASSIGNED: The results suggest that exposure to CCEO may promote mental and physical relaxation, facilitate cognitive processes such as memory and attention, and enhance mood states.

Citrus fruits possess a distinctive aroma and flavor, with Citrus aurantium Changshan-huyou (CACH) standing out due to their considerable edible and medicinal value. However, the volatile components (VOCs) in the CACH pericarp (CP) remain underexplored. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to qualitatively analyze VOCs in 27 CP samples across different growth stages. A total of 544 VOCs were identified, including 91 terpenoids. The types, quantities and distributions of VOCs were conducted. Detailed discussions on the major terpenoids in CP were also presented. A metabolomics approach combining multivariate statistical analysis with univariate analysis was employed for screening the differential metabolites. The study provides comprehensive insights into the VOCs in CP and citrus plants. Moreover, it delivers the first in-depth analysis of differential metabolites in CP throughout the entire CACH growth and development process, laying a foundation for ongoing research and development of the VOCs in CP.

The number of birds or their total live weight in relation to a given area is known as stocking density; higher stocking densities will cause more stress to the birds, which may have an impact on their physiological state, productivity, carcass quality, growth performance, immunity, metabolism, and meat quality. The present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of 2 different stocking densities on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum, and expression of Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), muscle regulatory genes expression and serum biochemical indicators of broilers supplemented with essential oils (EO). In total, 784-day-old chicks of Ross 308 were randomly assigned into 4 different groups with 7 replicates for each: Normal feed (no essential oils [EO] added) and normal stocking as 9 bird/m2, (NSD). Normal feed (no essential oils [EO] added) and high stocking as 14 bird/m2, (HSD). Feed with essential oils (Digestarom DC® 150 g/Ton of feed) and normal stocking as 9 birds/m2, (NSD + EO). Feed with essential oils (Digestarom DC® 150 g/Ton of feed) and high stocking as 14 birds/m2, (HSD + EO) for 35 days. Bodyweight was recorded at the beginning of the trial and then at the end of each week, feed intake was recorded at the end of each week as well. A total of 28 birds (7 birds per treatment) birds were slaughtered at 35 days of age to evaluate each parameter. The HSD group had the lowest (P < 0.05) feed intake. The NSD groups showed the highest (P < 0.05) body weight gain compared to HSD groups. The HSD + EO had lower adjusted FCR (P < 0.05) compared to HSD. The legs % was the highest (P < 0.05) for NSD group, while HSD + EO had the highest (P < 0.05) Fat Pad percentage. Moreover, HSD had the highest CL%, and the lowest WHC and Warner-Bratzler shear force. For biochemical indicators, (IGF-1) was the lowest (P < 0.05) HSD group. Also, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) were higher (P < 0.05) in the EO supplemented groups. Regarding gene expression, the results showed that Myogenin (MyoG) and IGF-1 were lower in HSD while MSTN was higher in the same group, (P < 0.05). In brief, essential oil supplement has improved the performance of broilers under high stocking density situation.

Essential oils (EOs) are complex and susceptible to environmental conditions, they have a wide range of biological activities and are often used to differentiate between similar species. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with chemometric analysis was applied to systematically analyse and evaluate EOs constituents and antioxidant activity of six Chinese Cupressaceae taxa (Platycladus orientalis Franco, P. orientalis Franco \'Sieboldii\', P. orientalis Franco \'Aurea\', Juniperus chinensis Roxb., J. chinensis Roxb. \'Kaizuca\', and J. sabina L.) under identical conditions. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was evaluated using 2,2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2\'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing power (FRAP), and the total phenolic content (TPC) of the EOs was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. In total, seventy individual constituents were identified with the main components being α-pinene, sabinene, D-limonene, bornyl acetate, δ-3-carene and β-myrcene. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) successfully discriminated the six taxa into three chemotypes and the unique chemotype revealed that J. chinensis \'Kaizuca\' may be a species rather than a cultivar of J. chinensis. The results of OPLS-DA analysis showed that the three compounds screened, namely, α-pinene, sabinene, and δ-3-carene, can completely distinguish Platycladus spp. from Juniperus spp. The DPPH assay results ranged from 576.14 (J. chinensis \'Kaizuca\') to 1146.12 (J. sabina) μmol eq Trolox/mL EO, while the ABTS values ranged from 1579.62 (P. orientalis \'Aurea\') to 5071.82 (J. sabina) μmol eq Trolox/mL. In the FRAP assay, the values ranged from 1086.50 (J. chinensis \'Kaizuca\') to 1191.18 (J. sabina) μmol eq Trolox/ml and the TPC of the EOs studied ranged from 15.17 (J. chinensis \'Kaizuca\') to 39.37 (J. sabina) mg GAE/mL EO. The results consistently showed that J. sabina possessed the strongest antioxidant activity and can be preferentially used as a rich source of potentially natural antioxidants.

BACKGROUND: The Scutellaria genus has promising therapeutic capabilities as an aromatherapy. Based on that and local practices of S. nuristanica Rech. F. The essential oil was studied for the first time for its diverse biomedical applications.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate and validate their therapeutic capabilities by screening the essential oil ingredients and examining their antimicrobial, antioxidant, carbonic anhydrase, and antidiabetic using further In silico assessment and In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic capabilities to devise novel sources as natural remedies alternative to the synthetic drugs.
METHODS: Essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation, and the constituents were profiled using GC-MS. The antimicrobial assessment was conducted using an agar well diffusion assay. Free radical scavenging capabilities were determined by employing DPPH and ABTS assay. The carbonic anhydrase-II was examined using colorimetric assay, while the antidiabetic significance was performed using α-Glucosidase assay. The anti-inflammatory significance was examined through carrageenan-induced paw edema, and the analgesic features of the essential oil were determined using an acetic acid-induced writhing assay.
RESULTS: Fifty constituents were detected in S. nuristanica essential oil (SNEO), contributing 95.93 % of the total EO, with the predominant constituents being 24-norursa-3,12-diene (10.12 %), 3-oxomanoyl oxide (9.94 %), methyl 7-abieten-18-oate (8.85 %). SNEO presented significance resistance against the Gram-positive bacterial strains (GPBSs), Bacillus atrophaeus and Bacillus subtilis, as compared to the Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacterial strains (GNBSs) as well as two fungal strains Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus niger associated with their respective standards. Considerable free radical scavenging capacity was observed in DPPH compared to the ABTS assay when correlated with ascorbic acid. In addition, when equated with their standards, SNEO offered considerable in vitro carbonic anhydrase II and antidiabetic capabilities. Additionally, the antidiabetic behavior of the 9 dominant compounds of SNEO was tested via In silico techniques, such as molecular docking, which assisted in the assessment of the significance of binding contacts of protein with each chemical compound and pharmacokinetic evaluations to examine the drug-like characteristics. Molecular dynamic simulations at 100 ns and binding free energy evaluations such as PBSA and GBSA models explain the molecular mechanics and stability of molecular complexes. It was also observed that SNEO depicted substantial anti-inflammatory and analgesic capabilities.
CONCLUSIONS: Hence, it was concluded that the SNEO comprises bioactive ingredients with biomedical significance, such as anti-microbial, antioxidant, CA-II, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agents. The computational validation also depicted that SNEO could be a potent source for the discovery of anti-diabetic drugs.

Economic importance of ticks for both humans and animals is significant primarily because of their involvement in disease transmission. The continuous use of synthetic chemical acaricides on animals and/or in the environment has resulted in the emergence of resistant tick populations. Consequently, there is a compelling need to explore newer natural alternatives that can address their adverse effects effectively. Since, there are no earlier reported studies on the acaricidal activity of eugenol and benzaldehyde against Rhipicephalus annulatus, the present study compared the in vitro adulticidal and larvicidal activities of these phytochemicals against R. annulatus. Concentration-dependent mortality and inhibition of fecundity were observed in the adult female ticks treated with both eugenol and benzaldehyde. The LC50 and LC90 values of eugenol against R. annulatus were 162.33 and 467.74 mg/mL for adult female, while it was 1.26 and 1.73 mg/mL for larvae respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values of benzaldehyde against R. annulatus were 178 and 395 mg/mL for adult female and 0.69 and 4.32 mg/mL for larvae respectively.