背景:社区设计功能,比如人行道和十字路口,给残疾人带来了巨大的挑战,阻碍他们的身体表现和社会融合。然而,已经对通用设计(UD)的应用进行了有限的研究,以应对这些挑战,特别是关于特定的人口群体和人口队列。了解环境特征对物理性能的影响对于开发UD、这可以增强不同人群的可用性和社会融合。
目的:本研究旨在通过调查环境障碍之间的复杂关系来弥合这一差距,健康状况,和常规活动表现。开发了一个指数来评估用户的UD性能,基于功能容量,提供科学严谨和客观衡量的UD有效性证据,以创造包容性的建筑环境。
方法:使用在美国进行的问题活动调查(PAS)的数据,加拿大,和澳大利亚,针对有和没有功能限制的个人,采用多项logit模型来估计遇到性能问题的概率。这一分析导致了问题绩效值(PPV)评分的发展。
结果:结果显示,不同健康状况的PPV存在显著差异,特别是关于路边坡道。个人在他们的腿/脚面临流动性问题,手臂/手,或背部/颈部遇到更明显的挑战,特别是当路边坡道缺乏适当的设计元素。同样,有视力障碍的人在交通信号方面面临更大的困难,特别是由于声音信号系统的问题。这些发现强调了应对微观环境挑战以有效适应具有不同功能能力的个人的重要性。
结论:通过提供对不同人群遇到的最有问题的日常活动的见解,PPV评分是指导环境设计改进和促进公平空间使用的有价值指标。这可用于指导改进的UD解决方案,并通过提供有关有助于用户性能的特定环境特征的通用信息来决定集中区域。
BACKGROUND: Community design features, such as sidewalks and street crossings, present significant challenges for individuals with disabilities, hindering their physical performance and social integration. However, limited research has been conducted on the application of Universal Design (UD) to address these challenges, particularly concerning specific demographic groups and population cohorts. Understanding the influence of environmental features on physical performance is crucial for developing inclusive solutions like UD, which can enhance usability and social integration across diverse populations.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the complex relationships between environmental barriers, health conditions, and routine activity performance. An index was developed to evaluate users\' UD performance based on functional capacity, providing scientifically rigorous and objectively measured evidence of UD effectiveness in creating inclusive built environments.
METHODS: Using data from the Problematic Activities Survey (PAS) conducted in the U.S., Canada, and Australia and targeting individuals with and without functional limitations, multinomial logit models were employed to estimate the probabilities of encountering performance problems. This analysis led to the development of the Problematic Performance Value (PPV) score.
RESULTS: The results demonstrated significant disparities in PPVs across various health conditions, particularly concerning curb ramps. Individuals facing mobility issues in their legs/feet, arms/hands, or back/neck encounter more pronounced challenges, especially when curb ramps lack proper design elements. Similarly, individuals with vision impairments face heightened difficulties with traffic signals, particularly due to issues with audible signal systems. These findings underscore the importance of addressing micro-level environmental challenges to accommodate individuals with varying functional capacities effectively.
CONCLUSIONS: By providing insights into the most problematic daily activities encountered by diverse populations, the PPV score serves as a valuable indicator for guiding environmental design improvements and promoting equitable space usage. This can be used to guide improved UD solutions and decide areas of concentration by providing generalized information on specific environmental features that contribute to user performance.