高负载电极在设计实用的高能电池中起着至关重要的作用,因为它们减少了非活性材料的比例,如电流分离器,收藏家,和电池包装组件。这种设计方法不仅提高了电池性能,而且有利于更快的加工和组装,最终导致生产成本的降低。尽管现有的策略,以提高可充电电池的性能,主要关注新型电极材料和高性能电解质,大多数报道的高电化学性能是通过低负载的活性材料(<2mgcm-2)实现的。如此低的负载,然而,不符合应用要求。此外,当试图扩大活性材料的负载时,确定了重大挑战,包括缓慢的离子扩散和电子传导动力学,体积膨胀,高反应屏障,以及与常规电极制备工艺相关的限制。不幸的是,这些问题经常被忽视。在这次审查中,深入讨论了导致高负载电极电化学性能衰减的机理。此外,高效的解决方案,如掺杂和结构设计,是为了应对这些挑战而总结的。根据目前的成就,这项审查提出了未来的发展方向,并确定了必须解决的技术挑战,以促进高能量密度可充电电池的商业化。
High-loading electrodes play a crucial role in designing practical high-energy batteries as they reduce the proportion of non-active materials, such as current separators, collectors, and battery packaging components. This design approach not only enhances battery performance but also facilitates faster processing and assembly, ultimately leading to reduced production costs. Despite the existing strategies to improve rechargeable battery performance, which mainly focus on novel electrode materials and high-performance electrolyte, most reported high electrochemical performances are achieved with low loading of active materials (<2 mg cm-2). Such low loading, however, fails to meet application requirements. Moreover, when attempting to scale up the loading of active materials, significant challenges are identified, including sluggish ion diffusion and electron conduction kinetics, volume expansion, high reaction barriers, and limitations associated with conventional electrode preparation processes. Unfortunately, these issues are often overlooked. In this review, the mechanisms responsible for the decay in the electrochemical performance of high-loading electrodes are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, efficient solutions, such as doping and structural design, are summarized to address these challenges. Drawing from the current achievements, this review proposes future directions for development and identifies technological challenges that must be tackled to facilitate the commercialization of high-energy-density rechargeable batteries.