A complete understanding of canal morphology is essential to achieve successful endodontic treatment. Although mandibular second premolars are reported to have usually only one root canal at the apex, in this case we reported a mandibular second premolar with three root canals and taurodont morphology. A patient was referred to the endodontic department at Mashhad Faculty of Dentistry with a chief complaint of pain in her mandibular right second premolar tooth. The diagnosis of pulpal necrosis and chronic apical periodontitis was established. The initial radiograph showed a taurodont premolar with two roots. However, with cone-beam computed tomography assistance, three root canals were confirmed. The root canal treatment process was successfully managed with a dental operating microscope. Using cone-beam computed tomography and a dental operating microscope greatly facilitated the determination of tooth morphology and successful following nonsurgical endodontic treatment.

Mandibular lateral incisors sometimes feature an additional lingual canal, which, if not identified and missed during endodontic treatment, can lead to postoperative pain. Thus, a proper diagnosis of the internal anatomy of a tooth is necessary before treatment begins. Radiovisiography (RVG), a cost-effective and widely employed dental imaging technique, is used in clinics to visualize the internal root structure of teeth. The zoom function of RVG allows for a detailed examination of complex internal anatomical variations, facilitating a more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning process. This case study identified a rare Vertucci Type VII root canal system in a mandibular left lateral incisor using the zoom-in feature of radiovisiography (Vatech, EZ sensor). Additionally, horizontal sectioning was performed, and these sections were imaged to verify the accuracy of digital radiographs in diagnosing such cases as part of a preclinical demonstration for aspiring endodontists.

Regenerative endodontics represents a paradigm shift in dental therapy, with the potential to not only restore damaged dental tissues but also to preserve the vitality of teeth. At the heart of this innovative approach is cell homing, a technique that harnesses the body\'s own healing mechanisms by recruiting endogenous stem cells to the site of dental injury for effective tissue regeneration. This review delves into the intricate processes of cell homing in the context of regenerative endodontics, particularly focusing on its application in immature teeth with open apices. It examines the role of bioactive molecules, scaffolds, and growth factors in orchestrating cell migration and differentiation within the root canal space. In addition, the review addresses the current limitations in clinical practice, such as the challenges in completely regenerating the pulp-dentin complex and the unpredictability in long-term outcomes. It also explores future possibilities, including the potential for more refined and effective regenerative strategies. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of cell homing in regenerative endodontics, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing development of advanced therapeutic techniques that could revolutionize endodontic treatment and improve patient care.

This narrative review comprehensively examines the current and emerging strategies for pain management in endodontics, encompassing a wide range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Through an extensive exploration of 20 distinct parts, the review discusses traditional analgesics, antibiotics, the use of corticosteroids, and the role of novel treatments such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and cryotherapy. The review also delves into the intricacies of clinical methods, such as trephination and occlusal reduction, and discusses the potential of advanced techniques such as GABAergic signaling, acupuncture, in silico modulation, and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for the effective management of endodontic pain. The analysis reveals a trend toward integrative methods that combine established practices with cutting-edge research, highlighting the importance of a tailored approach in endodontic pain management. The findings underscore the significance of understanding the complex nature of dental pain and the need for multifaceted treatment strategies. The review emphasizes that while traditional pharmacological methods remain foundational, emerging therapies offer promising adjuncts or alternatives, especially in cases where conventional treatments may be inadequate or unsuitable. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for endodontic practitioners and researchers, offering insights into the multifarious aspects of pain management in endodontics. It underscores the ongoing evolution in the field and suggests directions for future research, particularly in refining and validating new pain management techniques.

Flare-ups following root canal therapy (RCT) are of significant concern in dentistry. They are characterized by the occurrence of pain or swelling during or even after a root canal procedure. They affect a considerable proportion of cases, up to 16% and occasionally even 50%, and they often necessitate unscheduled appointments. Whenever a flare-up occurs within hours or days following RCT, it demands emergency treatment. Flare-ups can be attributed to multiple factors, including mechanical, chemical, and microbial causes. Identifying these factors beforehand and utilizing the expertise of clinicians can help better manage patients after the procedure and assure a long-term successful outcome. It has been observed that retreatment cases with periapical periodontitis treated in a single appointment have higher flare-up rates. Despite the prevalence and the impact of flare-ups, the endodontic community has yet to adopt scientifically validated and approved preventive measures to manage and prevent flare-ups. Hence, in this case report, the ethical letter was approved (TUCDREC/250923). It provides insight into the management of an interappointment flare-up with an overview.

A protostylid is a relatively rare dental developmental aberration characterized as an extra cusp located on the mesial half of the buccal surface of the molars. A protostylid is rarely to be reported due to its low rate of occurrence. This case report describes a patient referred for endodontic treatment due to the presence of a protostylid on the buccal surface of the maxillary first molar that induced apical periodontitis.
A 53-year-old female reported a 3-month history of pain of chewing with her upper left posterior teeth over 3 months. In the clinical examination, an abraded anomalous cusp-like structure was found on the buccal surface of tooth 26, Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed a supernumerary cusp with an intact root canal inside, which was fused with the mesiobuccal (MB) root canal in the middle of the root. In addition, extensive periapical radiolucency was observed around tooth 26. The tooth was diagnosed as apical periodontitis, and endodontic treatment was performed. The initial lesion in tooth 26 gradually healed over 1 year of observation.
To our knowledge, this case is the first to describe the endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with a protostylid and advances our understanding of supernumerary cusps. This case provides a reference for the treatment of protostylid.

UNASSIGNED: Taurodontism is an anomalous developmental condition where the coronal portion of the tooth is enlarged while the radicular portion is compromised. This may have important clinical implications while considering endodontic or exodontic procedures which may affect the technique of the treatment or its prognosis.
UNASSIGNED: This article describes the case of a 4-year-old female girl with molars exhibiting taurodontism with its clinical management and a review of this unique clinical condition.
UNASSIGNED: This case report and review summarizes the diagnosis, classification, clinical management challenges and comprehensive rehabilitation of taurodontism in primary teeth.
UNASSIGNED: Gupte MP, Mistry LN, Jawdekar A. Challenges and Treatment Considerations with Comprehensive Rehabilitation of a Case of Taurodontism in Primary Dentition: A Case Report and Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(3):510-514.

Understanding the diversity of root canal systems and their anatomical/morphological variations helps in achieving improved outcomes of root canal treatment. The outcome of endodontic treatment depends on a thorough knowledge of dental anatomy and its variations. Maxillary central incisor with two roots is a rare entity, so a complete clinical and radiological examination is important before initiating the treatment. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) radiography has improved the diagnosis and treatment planning in endodontics. So, the current report describes the endodontic and periodontal surgical management of traumatized discolored maxillary central incisors with two separated roots and root canals identified by two-dimensional (2D) and 3D radiographic examination.
UNASSIGNED: Prasad P, Galani M, Nawal RR, et al. Three-dimensional Assessment of Two-rooted Maxillary Central Incisor with Labiogingival Groove: Endodontic and Periodontal Surgical Management. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(3):528-533.

The prognosis of traumatized teeth depends largely on the fate of the pulp and its treatment. This review aims to update the present status on the endodontic management of traumatic injuries to permanent teeth and to identify relevant research areas that could contribute to an improvement in diagnosis and treatment of traumatized permanent teeth. Future research should pay greater attention to (1) diagnostic methods to assess the perfusion of the pulp and enhance detection of tooth cracks and initial signs of root resorption; (2) improved materials for vital pulp treatment; (3) studies focusing on type and duration of splinting after root fractures; (4) antiresorptive intracanal medication in case of post-traumatic pulp necrosis and infection-related resorption and (5) long-term data on the apical barrier technique compared to revitalization.

This position statement represents a consensus of an expert committee convened by the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) on the endodontic management of traumatized permanent teeth. A recent comprehensive review with detailed background information provides the basis for this position statement (Krastl et al. 2021, International Endodontic Journal, https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13508). The statement is based on current scientific evidence as well as the expertise of the committee. Complementing the recently revised guidelines of the International Association of Dental Traumatology, this position statement aims to provide clinical guidance for the choice of the appropriate endodontic approach for traumatized permanent teeth. Given the dynamic nature of research in this area, this position statement will be updated at appropriate intervals.