生物膜可以增加饮用水的致病性污染,导致生物膜相关疾病,改变沉积物侵蚀速率,降解废水中的污染物。与成熟的生物膜相比,在早期阶段的生物膜已被证明是更敏感的抗微生物药物和更容易去除。对控制早期生物膜生长的物理因素的机制理解对于预测和控制生物膜发育至关重要。然而,这种理解目前是不完整的。这里,我们揭示了流体动力学条件和微尺度表面粗糙度对早期恶臭假单胞菌生物膜发展的影响,通过结合微流控实验,数值模拟,和流体力学理论。我们证明,在高流量条件下,早期生物膜的生长受到抑制,并且早期恶臭假单胞菌生物膜(生长时间<14h)的局部发育速度约为50μm/s。这与P.putida的游泳速度相似。我们进一步说明,微观表面粗糙度通过增加低流量区域的面积来促进早期生物膜的生长。此外,我们证明了临界平均剪应力,在此之上,早期生物膜停止形成,对于粗糙表面为0.9Pa,为平坦或光滑表面的值的三倍(0.3Pa)。流动条件和微尺度表面粗糙度对早期生物膜发育的重要控制,在这项研究中,将有助于未来预测和管理饮用水管道表面的早期恶臭假单胞菌生物膜发育,生物反应器,和水生环境中的沉积物。
Biofilms can increase pathogenic contamination of drinking water, cause biofilm-related diseases, alter the sediment erosion rate, and degrade contaminants in wastewater. Compared with mature biofilms, biofilms in the early-stage have been shown to be more susceptible to antimicrobials and easier to remove. Mechanistic understanding of physical factors controlling early-stage biofilm growth is critical to predict and control biofilm development, yet such understanding is currently incomplete. Here, we reveal the impacts of hydrodynamic conditions and microscale surface roughness on the development of early-stage Pseudomonas putida biofilm through a combination of microfluidic experiments, numerical simulations, and fluid mechanics theories. We demonstrate that early-stage biofilm growth is suppressed under high flow conditions and that the local velocity for early-stage P. putida biofilms (growth time < 14 h) to develop is about 50 μm/s, which is similar to P. putida\'s swimming speed. We further illustrate that microscale surface roughness promotes the growth of early-stage biofilms by increasing the area of the low-flow region. Furthermore, we show that the critical average shear stress, above which early-stage biofilms cease to form, is 0.9 Pa for rough surfaces, three times as large as the value for flat or smooth surfaces (0.3 Pa). The important control of flow conditions and microscale surface roughness on early-stage biofilm development, characterized in this study, will facilitate future predictions and managements of early-stage P. putida biofilm development on the surfaces of drinking water pipelines, bioreactors, and sediments in aquatic environments.