In light of growing scholarly works on business failure, across the social science domains, it is surprising that past studies have largely overlooked how extreme environmental shocks and \'black swan\' events such as those caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and other global crises, can precipitate business failures. Drawing insights from the current literature on business failure and the unfolding event of COVID-19, we highlight the paradoxes posed by novel exogenous shocks (that is, shocks that transcend past experiences) and the implications for SMEs. The pandemic has accelerated the reconfiguration of the relationship between states and markets, increasing the divide between those with political connections and those without, and it may pose new legitimacy challenges for some players even as others seem less concerned by such matters, whilst experiential knowledge resources may be both an advantage and a burden.

Plasmodium sporozoites are the highly motile and invasive forms of the malaria parasite transmitted by mosquitoes. Sporozoites form within oocysts at the midgut wall of the mosquito, egress from oocysts and enter salivary glands prior to transmission. The GPI-anchored major surface protein, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is important for Plasmodium sporozoite formation, egress, migration and invasion. To visualize CSP, we previously generated full-length versions of CSP internally tagged with the green fluorescent protein, GFP. However, while these allowed for imaging of sporogony in oocysts, sporozoites failed to egress. Here, we explore different strategies to overcome this block in egress and obtain salivary gland resident sporozoites that express CSP-GFP. Replacing the N-terminal and repeat region with GFP did not allow sporozoite formation. Lowering expression of CSP-GFP at the endogenous locus allowed sporozoite formation but did not overcome egress block. Crossing of CSP-GFP expressing parasites that are blocked in egress with wild-type parasites yielded a small fraction of parasites that entered salivary glands and expressed various levels of CSP-GFP. Expressing CSP-GFP constructs from a silent chromosome region from promoters that are active only post salivary gland invasion yielded normal numbers of fluorescent salivary gland sporozoites, albeit with low levels of fluorescence. We also show that lowering CSP expression by 50% allowed egress from oocysts but not salivary gland entry. In conclusion, Plasmodium berghei parasites with normal CSP expression tolerate a certain level of CSP-GFP without disruption of oocyst egress and salivary gland invasion.

The ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure was originally developed to reverse tracheal occlusion in fetuses with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia that underwent fetal tracheal occlusion. The EXIT procedure has since been applied to a wide range of indications, but the primary indication remains securing a patent airway and providing respiratory support in fetuses with anticipated difficult airways. The authors review perinatal management of the anticipated difficult airway and their single-institution\'s experience with the EXIT procedure.

BACKGROUND: Fetuses with large lung lesions including congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAMs) are at risk for cardiopulmonary compromise. Prenatal maternal betamethasone and cyst drainage for micro- and macrocystic lesions respectively have improved outcomes yet some lesions remain large and require resection before birth (open fetal surgery, OFS), at delivery via an Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT), or immediately post cesarean section (section-to-resection, STR). We sought to compare prenatal characteristics and outcomes in fetuses undergoing OFS, EXIT, or STR to inform decision-making and prenatal counseling.
METHODS: A single institution retrospective review was conducted evaluating patients undergoing OFS, EXIT, or STR for prenatally diagnosed lung lesions from 2000 to 2021. Specimens were reviewed by an anatomic pathologist. Lesions were divided into \"CCAMs\" (the largest pathology group) and \"all lung lesions\" since pathologic diagnosis is not possible during prenatal evaluation when care decisions are made. Prenatal variables included initial, greatest, and final CCAM volume-ratio (CVR), betamethasone use/frequency, cyst drainage, and the presence of hydrops. Outcomes included survival, ECMO utilization, NICU length of stay (LOS), postnatal nitric oxide use, and ventilator days.
RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent (59 of 85 patients) of lung lesions undergoing resection were CCAMs. Among patients with pathologic diagnosis of CCAM, the initial, largest, and final CVRs were greatest in OFS followed by EXIT and STR patients. Similarly, the incidence of hydrops was significantly greater and the rate of hydrops resolution was lower in the OFS group. Although the rate of cyst drainage did not differ between groups, maternal betamethasone use varied significantly (OFS 60.0%, EXIT 100.0%, STR 74.3%; p = 0.0378). Notably, all OFS took place prior to 2014. There was no difference in survival, ventilator days, nitric oxide, NICU LOS, or ECMO between groups. In multiple variable logistic modeling, determinants of survival to NICU discharge among patients undergoing resection with a pathologic diagnosis of CCAM included initial CVR <3.5 and need for <3 maternal betamethasone doses.
CONCLUSIONS: For CCAMs that remain large despite maternal betamethasone or cyst drainage, surgical resection via OFS, EXIT, or STR are viable options with favorable and comparable survival between groups. In the modern era there has been a shift from OFS and EXIT procedures to STR for fetuses with persistently large lung lesions. This shift has been fueled by the increased use of maternal betamethasone and introduction of a Special Delivery Unit during the study period and the appreciation of similar fetal and neonatal outcomes for STR vs. EXIT and OFS with reduced maternal morbidity associated with a STR. Accordingly, efforts to optimize multidisciplinary perinatal care for fetuses with large lung lesions are important to inform patient selection criteria and promote STR as the preferred surgical approach in the modern era.
METHODS: Level IV.

Based on the person-centered approach and the EVLN (exit, voice, loyalty, neglect) model, this study explores how the components of commitment create \"profiles\" and the implications of this for voice behaviors in response to malpractice at work. The study includes not just affective and continuance commitment forms but also a commitment to the team as a multi-target commitment. A survey was conducted of 518 employees from a broad range of organizations in Turkey. An attempt was made to differentiate the EVLN responses across diverse commitment profiles by expanding the context. Four clusters (low commitment, weakly-committed, affective-team dominant, and continuance dominant) were identified using k-means cluster analysis. Analysis of the variance results indicated that the affective-team dominant profile demonstrated the constructive voice. The low commitment profile showed the least desirable outcomes (exit and neglect), followed by the weakly-committed profile. The continuance dominant profile also demonstrated passive behaviors (neglect and patience). Affective and team commitments, which have similar foci, were found to be the primary drivers of voice behavior, especially when combined with low continuance commitment. Also, continuance commitment did not contribute to the voice behavior once a certain level of affective and team commitment was seen. This study contributes to expanding commitment profiles for data from Turkey by explaining diverse EVLN responses to dissatisfaction at work.

Past work has extensively documented that job insecurity predicts various work- and health-related outcomes. However, limited research has focused on the potential consequences of perceived job insecurity climate. Our objective was to investigate how the psychological climate about losing a job and valuable job features (quantitative and qualitative job insecurity climate, respectively) relate to employees\' exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect behaviors, and whether such climate perceptions explain additional variance in these behaviors over individual job insecurity. Data were collected through an online survey using a convenience sample of employees working in different organizations in Türkiye (N = 245). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that quantitative job insecurity climate was associated with higher levels of loyalty and neglect, while qualitative job insecurity climate was related to higher levels of exit and lower levels of loyalty. Importantly, job insecurity climate explained additional variance over individual job insecurity in exit and loyalty. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing job insecurity in a broader context regarding one\'s situation and the psychological collective climate. This study contributes to addressing the knowledge gap concerning job insecurity climate, an emerging construct in the organizational behavior literature, and its incremental impact beyond individual job insecurity. The foremost implication is that organizations need to pay attention to the evolving climate perceptions about the future of jobs in the work environment, because such perceptions are related to critical employee behaviors.

In this paper, a joint group shuffled scheduling decoding (JGSSD) algorithm for a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) scheme based on double low-density parity-check (D-LDPC) codes is presented. The proposed algorithm considers the D-LDPC coding structure as a whole and applies shuffled scheduling to each group; the grouping relies on the types or the length of the variable nodes (VNs). By comparison, the conventional shuffled scheduling decoding algorithm can be regarded as a special case of this proposed algorithm. A novel joint extrinsic information transfer (JEXIT) algorithm for the D-LDPC codes system with the JGSSD algorithm is proposed, by which the source and channel decoding are calculated with different grouping strategies to analyze the effects of the grouping strategy. Simulation results and comparisons verify the superiority of the JGSSD algorithm, which can adaptively trade off the decoding performance, complexity and latency.

BACKGROUND: In France, more than 20% of women require induction of labor (IOL), which can be psychologically and emotionally challenging for patients. It is important to assess how they feel about their IOL experiences. Our aim was to cross-culturally adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of a French version of the EXIT to assess women\'s experiences of IOL.
METHODS: The EXIT was cross-culturally adapted by conducting forward and backward translations following international guidelines. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the ten French EXIT items: data completeness, factor analysis, internal consistency, score distribution, floor and ceiling effects, inter-subscale correlations, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability.
RESULTS: The EXIT was successfully cross-culturally adapted to the French context and any IOL method. The results obtained from 163 patients requiring IOL showed good acceptability. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution with subscales reflecting the experiential aspects of time taken to give birth, discomfort with IOL, and subsequent contractions. Good internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha or Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from 0.55 to 0.84) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.66 to 0.85) for the three identified subscales were found.
CONCLUSIONS: The ten-item French EXIT is a valid and reliable instrument for the self-assessment of women\'s experiences of IOL in the three weeks following delivery for any method of IOL used. As a patient-reported outcome measure, it would allow the comparison of experiential outcomes across IOL studies in order to include women\'s preferences in decisions regarding their care.

(1) Background: The morbidity of gastroschisis is defined by exposure of unprotected intestines to the amniotic fluid leading to inflammatory damage and consecutive intestinal dysmotility, the viscero-abdominal disproportion which results in an abdomen too small to incorporate the herniated and often swollen intestine, and by associated pathologies, such as in complex gastroschisis. To prevent intestinal damage and to provide for growth of the abdominal cavity, fetal interventions such as amnio exchange, gastroschisis repair or covering have been evaluated in several animal models and human trials. This review aims to evaluate the reported techniques for the fetal treatment of gastroschisis by focusing on minimally invasive procedures. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic database search, quality assessment and analyzed relevant articles which evaluate or describe surgical techniques for the prenatal surgical management of gastroschisis in animal models or human application. (3) Results: Of 96 identified reports, 42 eligible studies were included. Fetal interventions for gastroschisis in humans are only reported for EXIT procedures and amnio exchange. In animal models, particularly in the fetal sheep model, several techniques of open or minimally invasive repair of gastroschisis or covering the intestine have been described, with fetoscopic covering being the most encouraging. (4) Discussion: Although some promising minimally invasive techniques have been demonstrated in human application and animal models, most of them are still associated with relevant fetal morbidity and mortality and barely appear to be currently applicable in humans. Further research on specific procedures, instruments and materials is needed before any human application.

UNASSIGNED: Reliable airway patency diagnosis in fetal tracheolaryngeal obstruction is crucial to select and plan ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) surgery. We compared the clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) of the trachea, which can mitigate unpredictable fetal motion effects, with standard 2-dimensional (2D) MRI for airway patency diagnosis and assessment of fetal neck mass anatomy.
UNASSIGNED: A single-center case series of 7 consecutive singleton pregnancies with complex upper airway obstruction (2013-2019).
UNASSIGNED: A tertiary fetal medicine unit performing EXIT surgery.
UNASSIGNED: MRI SRR of the trachea was performed involving rigid motion correction of acquired 2D MRI slices combined with robust outlier detection to reconstruct an isotropic high-resolution volume. SRR, 2D MRI, and paired data were blindly assessed by 3 radiologists in 3 experimental rounds.
UNASSIGNED: Airway patency was correctly diagnosed in 4 of 7 cases (57%) with 2D MRI as compared with 2 of 7 cases (29%) with SRR alone or paired 2D MRI and SRR. Radiologists were more confident (P = .026) in airway patency diagnosis when using 2D MRI than SRR. Anatomic clarity was higher with SRR (P = .027) or paired data (P = .041) in comparison with 2D MRI alone. Radiologists detected further anatomic details by using paired images versus 2D MRI alone (P < .001). Cognitive load, as assessed by the NASA Task Load Index, was increased with paired or SRR data in comparison with 2D MRI.
UNASSIGNED: The addition of SRR to 2D MRI does not increase fetal airway patency diagnostic accuracy but does provide improved anatomic information, which may benefit surgical planning of EXIT procedures.