对植物病毒感染的抗性涉及植物抗性(R)基因编码的蛋白质,viz.,核苷酸结合富含亮氨酸的重复序列(NLR),免疫受体。这些传感器NLR被病毒蛋白效应子直接或间接激活,在效应子触发的免疫中,导致防御信号通路的诱导,导致许多下游植物效应分子的合成,抑制感染周期的不同阶段,以及辅助NLR介导的细胞死亡反应的诱导。该过程中的早期事件涉及识别各种伴侣对R基因反应的激活以及将这些复合物转运到后续事件的位点。这些事件包括几种激酶级联途径的激活,以及两个主转录调节因子的合成,EDS1和NPR1,以及植物激素水杨酸,茉莉酸,和乙烯。植物激素,从一个准备好的,静止状态到活动状态,调节其余的防御信号通路,直接和彼此串扰。这种调节导致下游事件的各种抑制剂的周转和各种转录因子的合成,这些转录因子协作和/或竞争以诱导或抑制其他调节蛋白的转录。或植物效应分子。这种相互作用的网络导致在感染区域中单独或与细胞死亡一起作用的防御效应物的产生。有或没有非特异性的进一步激活,长距离阻力。这里,我们回顾了有关这些过程和本地响应的组成部分的当前知识状态,他们的互动,regulation,和串扰。
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators,
EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.