焦磷酸酶(PPases)是催化焦磷酸盐(PPi)水解的酶,多种生物分子合成和降解的副产物。PPi在细胞中的积累可导致细胞死亡。虽然衬底是一样的,这些酶的催化和特征存在差异。在细菌中已鉴定出两种酶形式:细胞质或可溶性焦磷酸酶和膜结合焦磷酸酶,在细胞生物能学中发挥重要作用。在真核细胞中,细胞质酶是PPases(c-PPases)的主要形式,而膜酶(m-PPases)仅在原生生物和植物中发现。近年来,细菌细胞质和膜结合焦磷酸酶的研究已经放缓。这些酶是细胞代谢和生理学的核心,因为磷脂和核酸合成释放重要量的PPi,其必须被去除以允许生物合成继续进行。在这次审查中,追求两个目标:第一,为了深入了解迄今为止已知的PPase的结构特征,并提供具有新特征的酶的实例。第二,科学界应该继续研究这些酶,因为它们有许多生物技术应用。此外,在这次审查中,我们提供证据表明真菌中存在m-PPase;迄今为止,没有例子被描述。因此,PPase酶的多样性仍然是一个富有成效的研究领域。此外,我们重点研究了H+/Na+泵和m-PPases在细胞生物能学中的作用。最后,我们提供了这些酶在分子生物学和生物技术中应用的一些例子,尤其是在植物中。这篇综述对于蛋白质结构-功能关系的生物化学领域的专业人士和其他领域的专家来说是有价值的,比如化学,纳米技术,和植物科学。
Pyrophosphatases (PPases) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi), a byproduct of the synthesis and degradation of diverse biomolecules. The accumulation of PPi in the cell can result in cell death. Although the substrate is the same, there are variations in the catalysis and features of these enzymes. Two enzyme forms have been identified in bacteria: cytoplasmic or soluble pyrophosphatases and membrane-bound pyrophosphatases, which play major roles in cell bioenergetics. In eukaryotic cells, cytoplasmic enzymes are the predominant form of PPases (c-PPases), while membrane enzymes (m-PPases) are found only in protists and plants. The study of bacterial cytoplasmic and membrane-bound pyrophosphatases has slowed in recent years. These enzymes are central to cell metabolism and physiology since phospholipid and nucleic acid synthesis release important amounts of PPi that must be removed to allow biosynthesis to continue. In this review, two aims were pursued: first, to provide insight into the structural features of PPases known to date and that are well characterized, and to provide examples of enzymes with novel features. Second, the scientific community should continue studying these enzymes because they have many biotechnological applications. Additionally, in this review, we provide evidence that there are m-PPases present in fungi; to date, no examples have been characterized. Therefore, the diversity of PPase enzymes is still a fruitful field of research. Additionally, we focused on the roles of H+/Na+ pumps and m-PPases in cell bioenergetics. Finally, we provide some examples of the applications of these enzymes in molecular biology and biotechnology, especially in plants. This review is valuable for professionals in the biochemistry field of protein structure-function relationships and experts in other fields, such as chemistry, nanotechnology, and plant sciences.