This case report highlights the effective use of intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) in warming a 71-year-old female patient with severe hypothermia who presented with a rectal temperature of 25 °C and signs of hemodynamic instability. The patient, found unconscious after prolonged exposure to cold exacerbated by alcohol consumption, initially showed some improvement in core temperature through active external rewarming methods. However, soon, her temperature plateaued at 27 °C. Patient was deemed unsuitable for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) due to her age, and urgent IHD was initiated. This approach resulted in a stable increase in core temperature at approximately 2.0 °C/hr, along with normalization of lactic acidosis, creatinine phosphokinase, and correction of electrolyte imbalances, culminating in her full recovery and discharge after seven days in the hospital.After reviewing this case alongside similar ones from before, this case report highlights the efficacy and safety of IHD as an efficient, readily available, and less invasive method for rewarming moderate to severe hypothermic patients who are hemodynamically unstable patients but do not have cardiac arrest or renal dysfunction. IHD is especially useful when less invasive cooling devices (Artic Sun/ CoolGard) are not available or more invasive extracorporeal life support options (ECMO/ CPB) are either not indicated or unavailable. IHD can also help improve concurrent electrolyte imbalances and/or toxin buildup. The report further emphasizes the necessity of monitoring for potential complications, such as post-dialysis hypophosphatemia and rebound hyperkalemia, following successful rewarming.

The choice of dialysate buffer in hemodialysis is crucial, with acetate being widely used despite complications. Citrate has emerged as an alternative because of its favorable effects, yet concerns persist about its impact on calcium and magnesium levels. This study investigates the influence of citrate dialysates (CDs) with and without additional magnesium supplementation on CKD-MBD biomarkers and assesses their ability to chelate divalent metals compared to acetate dialysates (ADs). A prospective crossover study was conducted in a single center, involving patients on thrice-weekly online hemodiafiltration (HDF). The following four dialysates were compared: two acetate-based and two citrate-based. Calcium, magnesium, iPTH, iron, selenium, cadmium, copper, zinc, BUN, albumin, creatinine, bicarbonate, and pH were monitored before and after each dialysis session. Seventy-two HDF sessions were performed on eighteen patients. The CDs showed stability in iPTH levels and reduced post-dialysis total calcium, with no significant increase in adverse events. Magnesium supplementation with CDs prevented hypomagnesemia. However, no significant differences among dialysates were observed in the chelation of other divalent metals. CDs, particularly with higher magnesium concentrations, offer promising benefits, including prevention of hypomagnesemia and stabilization of CKD-MBD parameters, suggesting citrate as a viable alternative to acetate. Further studies are warranted to elucidate long-term outcomes and optimize dialysate formulations. Until then, given our results, we recommend that when a CD is used, it should be used with a 0.75 mmol/L Mg concentration rather than a 0.5 mmol/L one.

Intermittent hemodialysis (HD) in high-bleeding-risk patients presents a challenge as circuit anticoagulation using heparin is contraindicated in such cases. Recently, the use of calcium-free citrate-containing dialysate with calcium supplementation emerged as a viable alternative to heparin-circuit anticoagulation. This is a retrospective, monocentric study to evaluate dialysis efficacy using calcium-free citrate-containing dialysate with calcium reinjection into the venous line in hemodialysis patients at risk of bleeding. A total of 53 patients were analyzed: 52 had a temporary contraindication to systemic anticoagulation (active bleeding or surgical intervention), and 1 chronic HD patient had prolonged bleeding time due to inoperable arteriovenous fistula stenosis. Only 7 out of 79 dialysis sessions performed were prematurely terminated (vascular access dysfunction). The median dialysis time was 240 min (range: 150-300). The chronic dialysis patient had 108 sessions with no premature termination. Frequent monitoring of ionized calcium was performed throughout the dialysis sessions: levels remained stable at T0 and T + 60 min (1.08 ± 0.08 mmol/L) and slightly increased at the end of the dialysis session (1.19 ± 0.13 mmol/L), remaining within normal limits. Target postfilter ionized calcium <0.4 mmol/L was achieved in all sessions (0.31 ± 0.07 mmol/L). There were no cases of symptomatic hypo-/hypercalcemia and no need for calcium infusion rate adjustment throughout the sessions. Hemodialysis with calcium-free citrate-containing dialysate and calcium reinjection into the venous line is efficient and safe in HD patients with contraindications to systemic anticoagulation.

BACKGROUND: Peritonitis remains the major infectious complication in the setting of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Despite known only moderate pathogenicity, the most frequently detected pathogens in PD-related peritonitis are surprisingly coagulase-negative staphylococci. However, this could be explained, at least in part, by Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (SCVs) induced by PD fluids (PDFs) and misidentified by routinely used microbiological methods.
METHODS: Bacteria were exposed to commonly used PDFs in various regimens designed to simulate daily use as closely as possible. Wild-type isolates and SCVs were subsequently used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), in vitro biofilm formation capacities, and auxotrophies. Underlying genetic alterations were investigated using whole-genome sequencing, and various microbial identification methods were tested to determine their performance for wild-types and SCVs.
RESULTS: Stable SCVs could be isolated most successfully after exposure to glucose-containing PDFs alone. The reading of MICs was significantly affected by the reduced growth of SCVs, resulting in lower MIC values in 44% of all tests. Nonsynonymous mutations were found in all but one SCV, while only two isolates showed typical auxotrophic responses. While MALDI-TOF, PCR and Pastorex Staph-Plus correctly identified all S. aureus SCVs, API-Staph and VITEK-2 yielded identification rates of only 40% and 10%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the present study has shown that commercially available PDFs induce S. aureus SCVs in vitro, which are difficult to identify and test for antimicrobial susceptibility and can potentially lead to recurrent or persistent infections. Thus, they represent a potentially underappreciated challenge not only for microbiologists, but also for clinicians.

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UNASSIGNED: Excessive dialytic potassium (K) and acid removal are risk factors for arrhythmias; however, treatment-to-treatment dialysate modification is rarely performed. We conducted a multicenter, pilot randomized study to test the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of 4 point-of-care (POC) chemistry-guided protocols to adjust dialysate K and bicarbonate (HCO3) in outpatient hemodialysis (HD) clinics.
UNASSIGNED: Participants received implantable cardiac loop monitors and crossed over to four 4-week periods with adjustment of dialysate K or HCO3 at each treatment according to pre-HD POC values: (i) K-removal minimization, (ii) K-removal maximization, (iii) Acidosis avoidance, and (iv) Alkalosis avoidance. The primary end point was percentage of treatments adhering to the intervention algorithm. Secondary endpoints included pre-HD K and HCO variability, adverse events, and rates of clinically significant arrhythmias (CSAs).
UNASSIGNED: Nineteen subjects were enrolled in the study. HD staff completed POC testing and correctly adjusted the dialysate in 604 of 708 (85%) of available HD treatments. There was 1 K ≤3, 29 HCO3 <20 and 2 HCO3 >32 mEq/l and no serious adverse events related to study interventions. Although there were no significant differences between POC results and conventional laboratory measures drawn concurrently, intertreatment K and HCO3 variability was high. There were 45 CSA events; most were transient atrial fibrillation (AF), with numerically fewer events during the alkalosis avoidance period (8) and K-removal maximization period (3) compared to other intervention periods (17). There were no significant differences in CSA duration among interventions.
UNASSIGNED: Algorithm-guided K/HCO3 adjustment based on POC testing is feasible. The variability of intertreatment K and HCO3 suggests that a POC-laboratory-guided algorithm could markedly alter dialysate-serum chemistry gradients. Definitive end point-powered trials should be considered.

To optimise antimicrobial administration in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis, healthcare providers need literature-based information to develop patient-centred pharmacotherapeutic plans. Traditional PD solutions promote osmosis using dextrose or icodextrin with a lactate buffer. Newer PD solutions have modified the osmotic vehicle and buffer. Knowledge of antimicrobial compatibility and stability with newer PD solutions will assist with determining the route of antimicrobial administration as compatible and stable solutions could be delivered directly to the peritoneum using intraperitoneal administration. This review updates the compatibility and stability of antimicrobial additives in newer PD solutions for PD-related peritonitis.

A hypercalcemic crisis due to primary hyperparathyroidism is a life-threatening condition. We herein report a 71-years-old man with hypercalcemic crisis due to primary hyperparathyroidism with parathyroid adenoma. Generally, hemodialysis or continuous hemodiafiltration using calcium-free or low-calcium dialysate is performed early for hypercalcemic crisis. In this case, continuous hemodialysis with a common calcium concentration dialysate improved the hypercalcemic crisis, and parathyroidectomy was performed. The patient recovered sufficiently. Prediction of hypercalcemia crisis, appropriate introduction and methods of blood purification therapy, and timing decisions for parathyroidectomy are required for therapeutic management of hypercalcemic crisis with parathyroid adenoma.

The largest study on cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics in dialysis patients comprises of 6 subjects. In the 2 decades since these data were obtained, dialyser membranes, treatment intensities, and treatment duration have changed considerably making new pharmacokinetic studies desirable. We aimed to readdress the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in a 74-year-old critically ill male suffering from ANCA-associated vasculitis. Due to an acute-on-chronic kidney injury, he underwent intermittent (IHD) and prolonged intermittent kidney replacement therapy (PIKRT). IHD was started 7 h after end of a cyclophosphamide infusion with a blood/dialysate flow of 300 mL/min for 255 min, followed by PIKRT with a blood/dialysate flow of 140 mL/min for 540 min, both using a 1.3 m2 polysulphone high-flux dialyser (F60S, Fresenius Medical Care). Peak concentration of cyclophosphamide was 20.2 mg/L. Using IHD and PIKRT serum concentration of cyclophosphamide decreased to 1.2 mg/L after IHD and to <0.1 mg/L after PIKRT with dialyser-clearances of 153.0 mL/min and 84.9 mL/min, respectively. Total recovery of cyclophosphamide, calculated from the collected dialysate, was 57.5 mg (7.7% of administered dose) for IHD and was 8.3 mg (1.1% of administered dose) for PIKRT. By using IHD with a high-flux dialyser cyclophosphamide could be eliminated. Remaining cyclophosphamide should be eliminated by PIKRT. Hence, even in the absence of renal function a dose >50% of the recommended for patient with normal renal function may be applied, as complete elimination of the parent drug by modern dialysis is feasible.

This article describes survey observations and findings related to water and dialysate in hemodialysis facilities. Ensuring the quality of the water and dialysate is critically important for patient safety. Survey findings related to monitoring of the pH and conductivity, microbiology and disinfection, water system monitoring, water in the home dialysis setting, and quality assessment and performance improvement are reviewed. Implications for the nephrology registered nurse in each of the scenarios are discussed.