除草剂2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-D)由于其高活性而在世界范围内广泛用于农业和非农业领域。然而,2,4-D的大量使用导致了严重的环境污染,对非目标生物构成重大风险,包括人类。这引起了人们对其影响的极大关注。除了农业用途,2,4-D的意外泄漏会对人类健康和生态系统构成严重威胁,强调及时治理污染的重要性。已经开发了多种技术来从环境中去除2,4-D残留物,比如焚烧,吸附,臭氧化,光降解,照片-芬顿过程,和微生物降解。与传统的物理和化学修复方法相比,微生物种类丰富,是修复2,4-D污染最有效的方法,分布广泛,和不同的代谢途径。许多研究表明,环境中2,4-D的降解主要是由土壤微生物进行的酶促过程驱动的。迄今为止,已分离出许多与2,4-D生物降解相关的细菌和真菌菌株,比如鞘氨醇单胞菌,假单胞菌,Cupriavidus,无色杆菌属,苍白杆菌,被孢霉,和Umbelopsis。此外,还鉴定了负责2,4-D生物降解的几种关键酶和基因。然而,需要基于多组学的进一步深入研究来阐述它们在新的分解代谢途径的进化和2,4-D的微生物降解中的作用。这里,这篇综述提供了关于阐明除草剂2,4-D降解机理的最新进展的综合分析,包括负责其降解的微生物菌株,参与其降解的酶,和相关的遗传成分。此外,它探索了2,4-D生物降解中涉及的复杂生化途径和分子机制。此外,分子对接技术用于鉴定与2,4-D相互作用的α-酮戊二酸依赖性2,4-D双加氧酶中的关键氨基酸,从而提供了有价值的见解,可以为开发这种除草剂的生物修复的有效策略提供信息。
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used around the world in both agricultural and non-agricultural fields due to its high activity. However, the heavy use of 2,4-D has resulted in serious environmental contamination, posing a significant risk to non-target organisms, including human beings. This has raised substantial concerns regarding its impact. In addition to agricultural use, accidental spills of 2,4-D can pose serious threats to human health and the ecosystem, emphasizing the importance of prompt pollution remediation. A variety of technologies have been developed to remove 2,4-D residues from the environment, such as incineration, adsorption, ozonation, photodegradation, the photo-Fenton process, and microbial degradation. Compared with traditional physical and chemical remediation methods, microorganisms are the most effective way to remediate 2,4-D pollution because of their rich species, wide distribution, and diverse metabolic pathways. Numerous studies demonstrate that the degradation of 2,4-D in the environment is primarily driven by enzymatic processes carried out by soil microorganisms. To date, a number of bacterial and fungal strains associated with 2,4-D biodegradation have been isolated, such as Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Cupriavidus, Achromobacter, Ochrobactrum, Mortierella, and Umbelopsis. Moreover, several key enzymes and genes responsible for 2,4-D biodegradation are also being identified. However, further in-depth research based on multi-omics is needed to elaborate their role in the evolution of novel catabolic pathways and the microbial degradation of 2,4-D. Here, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent progress on elucidating the degradation mechanisms of the herbicide 2,4-D, including the microbial strains responsible for its degradation, the enzymes participating in its degradation, and the associated genetic components. Furthermore, it explores the complex biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of 2,4-D. In addition, molecular docking techniques are employed to identify crucial amino acids within an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent 2,4-D dioxygenase that interacts with 2,4-D, thereby offering valuable insights that can inform the development of effective strategies for the biological remediation of this herbicide.