DNA数据存储已经成为通过利用核酸作为数字信息介质来存储大量数据的解决方案。DNA提供了非常高的存储密度,持久耐用,与闪存和硬盘驱动器等传统存储介质相比,维护成本低。DNA数据存储包括以下步骤:编码、DNA合成(即,Writing),保存,检索,DNA测序(即,阅读),和解码。在这些步骤中,由于偶联效率不完美,DNA合成存在瓶颈,低吞吐量,和过度使用有机溶剂。克服这些挑战对于将DNA确立为可行的数据存储介质至关重要。在这次审查中,我们提供DNA数据存储的整个过程,介绍每个步骤的最新进展。接下来,我们研究了DNA合成方法的详细概述,重点是它们的局限性。最后,我们讨论了克服每种方法的局限性及其前景的努力。
DNA data storage has emerged as a solution for storing massive volumes of data by utilizing nucleic acids as a digital information medium. DNA offers exceptionally high storage density, long durability, and low maintenance costs compared to conventional storage media such as flash memory and hard disk drives. DNA data storage consists of the following steps: encoding, DNA synthesis (i.e., writing), preservation, retrieval, DNA sequencing (i.e., reading), and decoding. Out of these steps, DNA synthesis presents a bottleneck due to imperfect coupling efficiency, low throughput, and excessive use of organic solvents. Overcoming these challenges is essential to establish DNA as a viable data storage medium. In this review, we provide the overall process of DNA data storage, presenting the recent progress of each step. Next, we examine a detailed overview of DNA synthesis methods with an emphasis on their limitations. Lastly, we discuss the efforts to overcome the constraints of each method and their prospects.