Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome whose development can be triggered by environmental, autoimmune, and/or genetic factors. The latter comprises germ line pathogenic variants in genes that bring about habitually predisposing syndromes as well as immune deficiencies that do so only occasionally. One of these disorders is the autosomal dominant form of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), which is defined by germ line STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants. The resultant overexpression and constitutive activation of STAT1 dysregulate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT) signaling pathway, which normally organizes the development and proper interaction of different components of the immunologic and hematopoietic system. Although SAA is an extremely rare complication in this disorder, it gained a more widespread interest when it became clear that the underlying causative pathomechanism may, in a similar fashion, also be instrumental in at least some of the idiopathic SAA cases. Based on these premises, we present herein what is the historically most likely first cord blood-transplanted SAA case in a CMC family with a documented STAT1 GOF pathogenic variant. In addition, we recapitulate the characteristics of the six CMC SAA cases that have been reported so far and discuss the significance of STAT1 GOF pathogenic variants and other STAT1 signaling derangements in the context of these specific types of bone marrow failure syndromes. Because a constitutively activated STAT1 signaling, be it driven by STAT1 GOF germ line pathogenic variants or any other pathogenic variant-independent events, is apparently important for initiating and maintaining the SAA disease process, we propose to acknowledge that SAA is one of the definite disease manifestations in STAT1-mutated CMC cases. For the same reason, we deem it necessary to also incorporate molecular and functional analyses of STAT1 into the diagnostic work-up of SAA cases.

A 62-year-old woman with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) received umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) in first complete remission. However, relapse of ATL was detected on day 74 post-transplantation, as evidenced by the rapid growth of lymphoma cells in peripheral blood and an increase in soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL2R) levels. Discontinuation of immunosuppressant therapy alone did not improve ATL findings, but treatment with lenalidomide caused lymphoma cells to disappear from the peripheral blood and sIL2R levels to return to normal. Pancytopenia was observed as a lenalidomide-associated adverse effect, but lymphocyte counts were not reduced. The patient was judged to be in complete remission based on results of Southern blot analysis and human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1)-infected cell analysis using flow cytometry (HAS-Flow). Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood and FISH analysis of X and Y chromosomes revealed that the therapeutic effect of lenalidomide was associated with an increase in the number of donor-derived peripheral natural killer cells. ATL relapse was not observed at 13 months into lenalidomide treatment. Our results suggest that lenalidomide is an effective option for the treatment of post-transplant relapsed ATL.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of beneficial stem and progenitor cells with known angiogenic, neuroregenerative and immune-modulatory properties. Preclinical studies have highlighted the benefit of UCB for a broad range of conditions including haematological conditions, metabolic disorders and neurological conditions, however clinical translation of UCB therapies is lacking. One barrier for clinical translation is inadequate cell numbers in some samples meaning that often a therapeutic dose cannot be achieved. This is particularly important when treating adults or when administering repeat doses of cells. To overcome this, UCB cell expansion is being explored to increase cell numbers. The current focus of UCB cell expansion is CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for which the main application is treatment of haematological conditions. Currently there are 36 registered clinical trials that are examining the efficacy of expanded UCB cells with 31 of these being for haematological malignancies. Early data from these trials suggest that expanded UCB cells are a safe and feasible treatment option and show greater engraftment potential than unexpanded UCB. Outside of the haematology research space, expanded UCB has been trialled as a therapy in only two preclinical studies, one for spinal cord injury and one for hind limb ischemia. Proteomic analysis of expanded UCB cells in these studies showed that the cells were neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and angiogenic. These findings are also supported by in vitro studies where expanded UCB CD34+ cells showed increased gene expression of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors compared to unexpanded CD34+ cells. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that unexpanded CD34+ cells are a promising therapy for neurological conditions where they have been shown to improve multiple indices of injury in rodent models of stroke, Parkinson\'s disease and neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury. This review will highlight the current application of expanded UCB derived HSCs in transplant medicine, and also explore the potential use of expanded HSCs as a therapy for neurological conditions. It is proposed that expanded UCB derived CD34+ cells are an appropriate cellular therapy for a range of neurological conditions in children and adults.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired B-cell reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Therefore, methods to consistently achieve effective B cell lymphogenesis are required. We assessed the long-term effects of posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) use on immune reconstitution in clinical settings, an emerging strategy to suppress allogeneic immunological inflammation early after allo-HCT and prevent subsequent GVHD.
METHODS: We comprehensively analyzed peripheral immune cell subsets and measured serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) or cytokine levels in 39 patients who survived for >1 year after allo-HCT.
RESULTS: The absolute counts of B1 and IgM memory B cells were significantly lower in patients with severe cGVHD than in those without. The absolute count and percentage (among total CD19+ B cells) of switched memory B cells and serum IgG levels were significantly higher in patients transplanted with PTCy than in those transplanted with conventional GVHD prophylaxis. Interestingly, increased percentages of switched memory B cells and serum IgG levels were observed only in patients transplanted with PTCy and not in those transplanted with umbilical cord blood.
CONCLUSIONS: PTCy administration can mediate favorable memory B-cell reconstitution long after allo-HCT and may therefore suppress cGVHD.

暂无摘要。

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the sites of high-resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch on the prognosis of children with leukemia undergoing umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT). Methods: Clinical data and high-resolution HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 locus gene information were collected in the children who underwent the UCBT for the first time at Children\'s Hospital of Soochow University between January 2016 and June 2023. In each locus, according to whether the two genes were compatible, they were divided into a compatible group (two genes were perfectly matched) and a non-compatible group (one gene was not matched). In different loci, the differences in occurrence, recurrence, non-recurrence death and survival of acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) were compared between the two groups. Multivariate Cox regression was employed to analyzed the influencing factors for overall survival rate, and Fine-Gray proportional hazards model was employed to analyze the influencing factors of other outcome events. Results: A total of 100 patients were enrolled (55 males and 45 females), whose age [M (Q1, Q3)] at the time of transplantation was 3.9 (2.0, 6.5) years. There were 55 cases in the HLA-A matched group and 45 cases in the mismatched group. The 5-year non-recurrence mortality (NRM) in the HLA-A matched group was lower than that in the mismatched group (P=0.024). The cumulative incidence of aGVHD within 100 days after transplantation in the HLA-A matched group was lower than that in the mismatched group (P=0.017), and there were no statistically significant differences in other outcome events between the groups (all P>0.05). There were 70 cases in the HLA-B matched group and 30 cases in the mismatched group. The 5-year cumulative recurrence rate in the HLA-B matched group was higher than that in the mismatched group (P=0.027). There were 79 cases in the HLA-C matched group and 21 cases in the mismatched group, and there were no statistically difference in the outcome events between the groups (P>0.05). There were 73 cases in HLA-DRB1 matched group and 27 cases in mismatched group. The 5-year overall survival rate in HLA-DRB1 matched group was higher than that in mismatched group (P=0.036), the 5-year cumulative recurrence rate in HLA-DRB1 matched group was higher than that in mismatched group (P=0.028), and the 5-year NRM in HLA-DRB1 matched group was lower than that in mismatched group (P=0.008). The cumulative incidence of aGVHD within 100 days after transplantation in the matched group was lower than that in the mismatched group (P=0.010), and and there were no statistically significant difference in other outcome events between the groups (P>0.05). There were 68 cases in HLA-DQB1 matched group and 32 cases in mismatched group. There was no statistical difference in outcome events between the two groups (all P>0.05). The risk of aGVHD in HLA-A mismatched group was higher than that in HLA-A matched group (HR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.12-1.38). The risk of recurrence in HLA-B mismatched group was lower than that in HLA-B matched group (HR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.63-0.91). Mismatched group at HLA-DRB1 compared with matched group at HLA-DRB1, had a higher risk of aGVHD (HR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.26-1.48), a higher risk of non-recurrence death (HR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.28-1.50), and a higher risk of death (HR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.18-1.36). No association was found between HLA-C and HLA-DQB1 locus with the risk of aGVHD, recurrence, non-recurrence death, and survival (all P>0.05). Conclusions: In UCBT, the risk of aGVHD in children with matching HLA-A sites of donor and recipient is lower than that in children with incompatible HLA-A sites. Compared with children with incompatible HLA-DRB1 sites, children with HLA-DRB1 matched sites has a lower risk of acute GVHD, a lower 5-year NRM, and a higher risk of death. The recurrence rate of children with matching HLA-B loci is higher than that of children without matching HLA-B loci.
目的： 探究供受体人类白细胞抗原（HLA）配型位点不相合的脐血移植对白血病患儿预后的影响。 方法： 回顾性纳入苏州大学附属儿童医院2016年1月至2023年6月使用单份非亲缘脐血行首次造血干细胞移植的白血病患儿的临床资料，并收集供受体高分辨HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-C、HLA-DRB1和HLA-DQB1共5个位点的基因信息。在每个位点中，按照2条基因信息是否相合，分为相合组（2条基因完全匹配）和不相合组（有1条基因不匹配），在不同位点中，分别比较相合组与不相合组急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）发生、复发、非复发死亡及生存的差异。使用多因素Cox回归分析总生存率的影响因素，使用Fine-Gray竞争风险模型分析其他结局事件的影响因素。 结果： 共纳入100例患儿，男55例，女45例，移植时患儿年龄［M（Q1，Q3）］为3.9（2.0，6.5）岁。HLA-A位点的相合组55例，不相合组45例，相合组5年非复发死亡率（NRM）低于不相合组（P=0.024），相合组移植后100 d内aGVHD累积发生率低于不相合组（P=0.017），其他结局事件组间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；HLA-B位点相合组70例，不相合组30例，相合组5年累计复发率高于不相合组（P=0.027），其他结局事件组间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；HLA-C位点相合组79例，不相合组21例，2组结局事件差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；HLA-DRB1位点相合组73例，不相合组27例，相合组5年总生存率高于不相合组（P=0.036），相合组5年累积复发率高于不相合组（P=0.028），相合组5年NRM低于不相合组（P=0.008），相合组移植后100 d内aGVHD累积发生率低于不合组（P=0.010），其他结局事件组间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）；HLA-DQB1位点相合组68例，不相合组32例，2组结局事件差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。HLA-A位点不相合组发生aGVHD的风险高于HLA-A位点相合组（HR=1.25，95%CI：1.12~1.38）；HLA-B位点不相合组复发的风险低于HLA-B位点相合组（HR=0.77，95%CI：0.63~0.91）；与HLA-DRB1位点相合组相比，HLA-DRB1位点不相合组发生aGVHD的风险较高（HR=1.37，95%CI：1.26~1.48）、发生非复发死亡的风险较高（HR=1.39，95%CI：1.28~1.50）、死亡风险较高（HR=1.27，95%CI：1.18~1.36）。未发现HLA-C和HLA-DQB1位点与aGVHD的发生、复发、非复发死亡及生存的风险相关（均P>0.05）。 结论： 在脐血移植治疗儿童急性白血病中，供、受体HLA-A位点相合的患儿aGVHD的发生风险低于不相合的患儿；与HLA-DRB1位点不相合的患儿相比，HLA-DRB1位点相合的患儿发生aGVHD风险更低、5年NRM更低、死亡风险更低；HLA-B位点相合的患儿复发率高于不相合的患儿。.

Objective: To investigate the prognostic value of enteroscopic grading for the prognostic assessment of patients with malignant hematological diseases who developed intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease (IT-aGVHD) after unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) . Methods: Fifty patients with IT-aGVHD who developed hormone resistance after UCBT from June 2016 to June 2023 at Anhui Provincial Hospital were collected to compare the effective and survival rates of IT-aGVHD treatment in the group with milder enteroscopic mucosal injury (27 cases, enteroscopic grading of Ⅰ and Ⅱ) and the group with more severe injury (23 cases, enteroscopic grading of Ⅲ and Ⅳ) and to retrospectively analyze the factors affecting patients\' prognosis. Results: Patients in the mild and severe groups had an effective rate of 92.6% and 47.8% at 28 days after colonoscopy (P<0.001), 81.5% and 39.1% at 56 days after colonoscopy (P=0.002), with optimal effective rate of 92.6% and 65.2% (P=0.040), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant. The multifactorial analysis found that enteroscopic grading was an independent risk factor affecting the effective rate of IT-aGVHD treatment. The overall survival rate at 2 years after colonoscopy was 70.4% (95% CI 52.0% -88.8% ) and 34.8% (95% CI 14.8% -54.8% ) for patients in the mild and severe groups, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.003). Multifactorial analysis revealed that enteroscopic grading, cytomegalovirus infection status, second-line treatment regimen, and patients\' age were independent risk factors for survival. Conclusion: The treatment efficacy and prognosis of patients in the group with less severe enteroscopic injury (grades Ⅰ and Ⅱ) were better than those in the group with more severe injury (grades Ⅲ and Ⅳ) .
目的： 探讨肠镜下分级对非血缘脐血移植（UCBT）后出现肠道急性移植物抗宿主病（IT-aGVHD）的恶性血液病患者的预后评估价值。 方法： 收集2016年6月至2023年6月在安徽省立医院进行UCBT后出现激素耐药的IT-aGVHD患者50例，比较肠镜下黏膜损伤较轻组（27例，肠镜下分级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）和较重组（23例，肠镜下分级为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）患者IT-aGVHD治疗的有效率、生存率等，回顾性分析影响患者预后的因素。 结果： 轻症组、重症组患者在肠镜检查后28 d有效率分别为92.6%和47.8%（P<0.001），56 d有效率分别为81.5%和39.1%（P＝0.002），最优有效率分别为92.6%和65.2%（P＝0.040），差异均有统计学意义。多因素分析发现，肠镜下分级是影响IT-aGVHD治疗有效率的独立危险因素。轻症组、重症组患者肠镜检查后2年的总生存率分别为70.4%（95%CI 52.0%～88.8%）和34.8%（95%CI 14.8%～54.8%），差异有统计学意义（P＝0.003）。多因素分析显示，肠镜下分级、巨细胞病毒感染状态、二线治疗方案及患者的年龄是影响生存的独立危险因素。 结论： 肠镜下黏膜损伤程度较轻组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）患者的治疗有效率和预后优于损伤程度较重组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）。.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy and safety of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation combined with umbilical cord blood infusion for the treatment of aplastic anaemia in children.
METHODS: Nine cases of children with aplastic anaemia treated with umbilical cord blood combined with haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the People\'s Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine from January 1, 2021 to September 15, 2023 with a median age of 11(2-13) years and a median follow up of 18(7.5-21) months were included, and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Hematopoiesis reconstitution, the incidence of graft-versus-host disease(GVHD), infections and survival of the patients were analyzed.
RESULTS: All 9 children were successfully implanted. The median time to neutrophil and platelet implantation was 11.11±1.27 d and 12.44±3.36 d, respectively. One case developed acute gastrointestinal GVHD of degree I, which was improved after treatment, and the patient developed superficial gastritis and chronic gastrointestinal GVHD at a later stage, which is currently under clinical follow-up. Acute GVHD of II-IV degree was 0%. Hemorrhagic cystitis in 3 cases, CMV infection in 5 cases and bacterial and fungal infections in 5 cases improved with symptomatic treatment.All 9 children demonstrated complete donor chimerism within 1 month after transplantation, at two years of follow-up, all nine children survived without recurrence or development of grade II-IV GVHD, and there were no children with transplant-related deaths.
CONCLUSIONS: Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation combined with umbilical cord blood transfusion for aplastic anaemia in children has a low incidence and mild degree of GVHD, with significant efficacy, and can be used as a therapeutic option for children without an HLA full donor chimeric match.
UNASSIGNED: 单倍体造血干细胞联合脐血双移植治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血的临床观察.
UNASSIGNED: 探索单倍体造血干细胞移植联合脐血输注治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血的疗效及安全性。.
UNASSIGNED: 纳入河南中医药大学人民医院2021年1月1日至2023年9月15日接受脐血联合单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗的9例再生障碍性贫血患儿，中位年龄为11（2-13）岁，中位随访 18(7.5-21)个月，回顾性分析其临床资料，对植入情况、GVHD发生率、感染等并发症及生存进行分析。.
UNASSIGNED: 9例患儿全部成功植入。中性粒细胞和血小板植入中位时间分别为11.11±1.27 d、12.44±3.36 d。1例发生Ⅰ度急性消化道移植物抗宿主病，治疗后好转，后期该例患者发生浅表性胃炎及慢性消化道移植物抗宿主病，目前临床随访中。无一例患儿发生Ⅱ-Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病。出血性膀胱炎3例，CMV感染5例，细菌及真菌感染5例，经对症治疗后好转。9例患儿移植后1个月内均表现为完全供者嵌合，随访两年，9名患儿全部生存，未出现复发或发生Ⅱ-Ⅳ度移植物抗宿主病，无移植相关死亡患儿。.
UNASSIGNED: 单倍体造血干细胞移植联合脐血输注治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血时GVHD发生率低，程度轻，疗效显著，可以作为无HLA全相合配型患儿的一种治疗方案。.

A 34-year-old woman received umbilical cord blood transplantation for refractory T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia after salvage therapy with alemtuzumab. She developed right angular cheilitis on the 46th day after transplantation, which worsened after receiving systemic steroid therapy for extensive chronic graft versus host disease. The treatment dosage of acyclovir (ACV), ganciclovir, and vidarabine ointment was not effective due to ACV-resistant mutations of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the thymidine kinase domain. Foscarnet is expected to be effective against ACV-resistant HSV-1 infection. However, it could not be used because the patient developed renal dysfunction. Several viral thymidine kinase mutations related to ACV resistance were found in the patient\'s sample. Nevertheless, amenamevir, a helicase-primase complex inhibitor, was effective in our patient who was significantly immunocompromised after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). ACV-resistant HSV infection after allo-HSCT is an rare but important complication in the era of low-dose long-term ACV prophylaxis. To date, there is no established treatment against ACV-resistant HSV infection. This case report showed that amenamevir could be a promising treatment option for ACV-resistant HSV infection in patients with renal failure after allo-HSCT.

BACKGROUND Umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) patients have high rates of unplanned readmissions and poor quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of discharge planning on unplanned readmissions, self-efficacy, QoL, and clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients who received their first UCBT from April 2022 to March 2023 were included. Participants (n=72) were assigned to a control group (CG: received usual care) or an intervention group (IG: received discharge planning from admission to 100 days after UCBT). The cumulative readmission rates 30 days after discharge and 100 days after UCBT were analyzed using the log-rank test. Self-efficacy and QoL were assessed at admission and 100 days after UCBT using the General Self-Efficacy Scale and FACT-BMT version 4, clinical outcomes derived from medical records. RESULTS Sixty-six patients completed the study. Discharge planning did not reduce readmission rates 30 days after discharge (20.59% vs 31.25%, P=0.376) or 100 days after UCBT (29.41% vs 34.38%, P=0.629). However, the IG showed significantly better self-efficacy (P<0.001), and except for social and emotional well-being, all the other dimensions and 3 total scores of FACT-BMT in the IG were higher than for the controls at 100 days after UCBT (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The discharge planning program can improve self-efficacy and QoL of UCBT recipients. The implementation of discharge planning for patients undergoing UCBT was necessary for successful hospital-to-home transitions.