UNASSIGNED: This scoping review will identify existing literature regarding contextual factors relevant to vector-control interventions to prevent malaria. We will use the findings of the scoping review to produce an interactive evidence and gap map. The map will assist in the priority setting, development, and conduct of targeted systematic reviews. These systematic reviews seek to assist the Vector Control and Insecticide Resistance Unit of the World Health Organization\'s Global Malaria Programme by informing recommendation development by their Guidelines Development Group.
UNASSIGNED: Malaria contributes substantially to the global burden of disease, with an estimated 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths in 2021. Vector-control is key in reducing malaria transmission. Vector-control interventions directly target the mosquito, reducing the potential for parasite infections. These interventions commonly include insecticides used in indoor residual spraying or insecticide-treated nets and larval source management. Several new vector-control interventions are under evaluation to complement these. In addition to estimating the effects of interventions on health outcomes, it is critical to understand how populations at risk of malaria consider them in terms of their feasibility, acceptability, and values.
UNASSIGNED: Eligible studies will have assessed the contextual factors of feasibility or acceptability of the interventions of interest, or the valuation of the outcomes of interests. These assessments will be from the perspective of people who receive (residents) or deliver (workers or technicians) the vector-control intervention for the purpose of preventing malaria.
UNASSIGNED: We will conduct this scoping review in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and report in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We will construct the evidence and gap map following guidance from the Campbell Collaboration.

The presence of face masks can significantly impact processes related to trait impressions from faces. In the present research, we focused on trait impressions from faces either wearing a mask or not by addressing how contextual factors may shape such inferences. In Study 1, we compared trait impressions from faces in a phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in which wearing masks was a normative behavior (T1) with those assessed one year later when wearing masks was far less common (T2). Results at T2 showed a reduced positivity in the trait impressions elicited by faces covered by a mask. In Study 2, it was found that trait impressions from faces were modulated by the background visual context in which the target face was embedded so that faces wearing a mask elicited more positive traits when superimposed on an indoor rather than outdoor visual context. Overall, the present studies indicate that wearing face masks may affect trait impressions from faces, but also that such impressions are highly flexible and can significantly fluctuate across time and space.

UNASSIGNED: Individuals recovering from COVID-19 often experience a range of post-recovery symptoms. However, the literature on post-COVID-19 symptoms reveals conflicting results, necessitating a heightened focus on longitudinal studies to comprehend the trajectory of impairments over time. Our study aimed to investigate changes in long-term impairments among individuals infected with COVID-19 and explore potential predictors influencing these changes.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a web-survey targeting individuals that had been infected with COVID-19 at four time-points: T0 (baseline), T1 (three months), T2 (six months), and T3 (twelve months). The survey included contextual factors, factors related to body functions and structures, and post-COVID impairments. The longitudinal sample included 213 individuals (with a mean age of 48.92 years). Linear mixed models were employed to analyze changes in post-COVID impairments over time and identify impacting factors.
UNASSIGNED: Findings revealed a general decline in post-COVID impairments over time, with each symptom exhibiting a dynamic pattern of fluctuations. Factors such as initial infection severity, education level, and work status were significantly associated with the levels of impairments.
UNASSIGNED: The study emphasizes that post-COVID impairments are not static but exhibit variations over time. Personalized care, especially for vulnerable populations, is crucial. The results underscore the need for long-term monitoring and multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Targeted support and interventions are highlighted for individuals with severe initial infections and those in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.

Dementia is a major global public health concern that is increasingly leading to morbidity and mortality among older adults. While studies have focused on the risk factors and care provision, there is currently limited knowledge about the spatial risk pattern of the disease. In this study, we employ Bayesian spatial modelling with a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach to model the spatial risk using complete residential history data from the Danish population and health registers. The study cohort consisted of 1.6 million people aged 65 years and above from 2005 to 2018. The results of the spatial risk map indicate high-risk areas in Copenhagen, southern Jutland and Funen. Individual socioeconomic factors and population density reduce the intensity of high-risk patterns across Denmark. The findings of this study call for the critical examination of the contribution of place of residence in the susceptibility of the global ageing population to dementia.

BACKGROUND: Risky sexual behaviour (RSB), particularly multiple sexual partnerships (MSP) continues to be a major public health concern and has been linked to the increasing STIs, including HIV/AIDS in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), suggesting that there is an association between contextual factors and multiple sexual partnering. However, in South Africa, this association is not well established in recent literature. Hence, this study examined the contextual factors contributing to multiple sexual partnerships among young people in South Africa.
METHODS: Data was extracted from the 2016 South Africa Demographics and Health Survey (2016 SADHS). A cross-sectional study of 3889 never-married young people. Descriptive and inferential statistics as well as multilevel logistic regression were used to analyse the data on never-married young people aged 15 to 24 years.
RESULTS: The results indicated that at the individual level, young males (61.7%) were significantly more likely than their female counterparts (56.1%) to engage in multiple sexual partners, although, the difference was not as significant as expected. At the community level clustering, the likelihood of exposure to multiple sexual partnerships significantly increased among females (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.25-1.73) but decreased among their male counterparts (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.58-0.92), in particular, family disruption, residential instability, and ethnic diversity led young people to engage in multiple sexual partnerships.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to intensify programmes aimed at considering appropriate policy options to reduce the prevalence of multiple sexual partnerships. Adopting the implications of these findings is essential for a developmental strategy towards achieving the sustainable development goal of ending STIs among young people in South Africa.

In many contexts, responsibility for exit-level assessment design and implementation in undergraduate medical programmes lies with individuals who convene clinical clerkships. Their assessment practice has significant consequences for students\' learning and the patients and communities that graduates will serve. Interventions to enhance assessment must involve these assessors, yet little is known about factors influencing their assessment practice. The purpose of this study was to explore factors that influence assessment practice of clerkship convenors in three varied low-and-middle income contexts in the global South. Taking assessment practice as a behaviour, Health Behaviour Theory (HBT) was deployed as a theoretical framework to explore, describe and explain assessor behaviour. Thirty-one clinician-educators responsible for designing and implementing high-stakes clerkship assessment were interviewed in South Africa and Mexico. Interacting personal and contextual factors influencing clinician-educator assessment intention and action were identified. These included attitude, influenced by impact and response appraisal, and perceived self-efficacy; along with interpersonal, physical and organisational, and distal contextual factors. Personal competencies and conducive environments supported intention to action transition. While previous research has typically explored factors in isolation, the HBT framing enabled a systematic and coherent account of assessor behaviour. These findings add a particular contextual perspective to understanding assessment practice, yet also resonate with and extend existing work that predominantly emanates from high-income contexts in the global North. These findings provide a foundation for the planning of assessment change initiatives, such as targeted, multi-factorial faculty development.

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea poses a significant threat to the lives of children in The Gambia, accounting for approximately 9% of all deaths among children under the age of five. Addressing and reducing child mortality from diarrhea diseases is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3, specifically target 3.2, which aims to eliminate preventable deaths in newborns and children under the age of five by 2030. Thus, this research aims to assess the prevalence and contextual factors associated with diarrhea among under-five children in The Gambia.
METHODS: This research employed secondary data from the 2019/20 Gambia Demographic Health Survey (GDHS). The study initially involved 8,362 women aged between 15 and 49 years. Of these, 6,929 women with children under five were included in this analysis. Data were analyzed using STATA with cross-tabulation and model fitting. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to accommodate the hierarchical structure of the demographic health survey data. The model comparison parameters were BIC, AIC, deviance, and LLR. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were selected for multivariable analysis. The statistical significance of the factors was determined using an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p-value of less than 0.05.
RESULTS: The prevalence of diarrhea in under-five children was 53.2% in males and 46.8% in females. In the final model, Kerewan (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.33-0.98) and Basse (aOR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.35-0.98) have significantly lower odds of childhood diarrhea compared to Banjul, female children show slightly lower, yet significant, odds of diarrhea compared to males (aOR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.86-0.98), deliveries at government health centers are associated with higher odds of childhood diarrhea compared to home births (aOR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.01-1.52). Mothers with post-secondary education had significantly lower odds of having children with diarrhea than those without any education (aOR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.26-0.99) after controlling for confounders.
CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicate that several factors significantly impact the risk of childhood diarrhea in The Gambia. These factors include region of residence, sex of the child, place of delivery, and education level of the mother. The study suggests that existing interventions aimed at improving child health outcomes in the country should take into consideration these influential factors. Addressing these modifiable factors can enhance the effectiveness of interventions and promote better health outcomes for children in Gambia.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the influence of contextual factors (CFs) on interventions for mechanical neck pain (MNP) is essential for evidence-based practice in physical therapy. However, the specific effects and synergies of combining different CFs remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study will be to determine if a CFs-Enriched Standard Care (SC) approach is an effective treatment for MNP in terms of reducing pain and improving function.
METHODS: This will be an assessor-blinded, 2-group (1:1) randomised clinical trial (RCT) aiming to enrol 94 participants with neck pain persisting for more than 4 weeks. Both groups will undergo 4 weeks of SC twice weekly, following established clinical practice guidelines. In the intervention group, CFs will be enhanced, encompassing the physical, psychological, and social elements inherent in the clinical encounter, based on existing evidence. The primary outcomes will encompass changes in pain and disability after 4 weeks of treatment, with a follow-up reassessment at week 12 post-treatment. Secondary outcomes will include changes in Active Range of Motion, Global Rating of Change, and Satisfaction with treatment. The change between groups after treatment and at the 12-week follow-up will be reported for all outcomes, considering the difference from scores recorded at baseline.
RESULTS: We hypothesise that a 4-week CFs-Enriched SC approach will be superior to SC alone in terms of patient-reported disability and pain, with measurements conducted using the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: This RCT rigorously assesses the effect of purposeful manipulation of CFs during MNP treatment. By elucidating the role of these factors, our findings have the potential to significantly refine clinical practice in managing MNP, thereby enhancing patient care, and advancing the fields of physical therapy and rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Several initiatives have been developed to target low-value care (i.e. waste) in decision-making with varying success. As such, decision-making is a complex process and context\'s influence on decisions concerning low-value care is limitedly explored. Hence, a more detailed understanding of residents\' decision-making is needed to reduce future low-value care. This study explores which contextual factors residents experience to influence their decision-making concerning low-value care. Methods: We employed nominal group technique to select four low-value care vignettes. Prompted by these vignettes, we conducted individual interviews with residents. We analyzed the qualitative data thematically using an inductive-deductive approach, guided by Bronfenbrenner\'s social-ecological framework. This framework provided guidance to \'context\' in terms of sociopolitical, environmental, organizational, interpersonal, and individual levels.
RESULTS: In 2022, we interviewed 19 residents from a Dutch university medical center. We identified 33 contextual factors influencing residents\' decision-making, either encouraging or discouraging low-value care. The contextual factors resided in the following levels with corresponding categories: (1) environmental and sociopolitical: society, professional medical association, and governance; (2) organizational: facility characteristics, social infrastructure, and work infrastructure; (3) interpersonal: resident-patient, resident-supervising physician, and resident-others; and (4) individual: personal attributes and work structure.
CONCLUSIONS: This paper describes 33 contextual factors influencing residents\' decision-making concerning low-value care. Residents are particularly influenced by factors related to interactions with patients and supervisors. Furthermore, organizational factors and the broader environment set margins within which residents make decisions. While acknowledging that a multi(faceted)-intervention approach targeting all contextual factors to discourage low-value care delivery may be warranted, improving communication skills in the resident-patient dynamics to recognize and explain low-value care seems a particular point of interest over which residents can exercise an influence themselves.

BACKGROUND: E-health services offer potential benefits for healthcare delivery, especially for older adults, yet their adoption remains suboptimal due to various barriers. Understanding the environmental and contextual factors influencing e-health use among this demographic is crucial for enhancing their health outcomes.
OBJECTIVE: This rapid review aims to explore the various environmental and contextual factors affecting the use of e-health among older adults, focusing on identifying strategies to enhance acceptance and usefulness.
METHODS: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a mixed-methods rapid review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. Databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. Quantitative data were qualitized for integration with qualitative data, and a thematic analysis was performed on the assembled data.
RESULTS: A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing five cross-sectional surveys, four qualitative studies, one longitudinal study, and one Discrete Choice Experiment. The thematic analysis revealed five key themes: social influence and norms, environmental and infrastructure factors, economic factors and cost considerations, family and caregiver support, and organizational support and culture.
CONCLUSIONS: The review highlights the need for e-health solutions that enhance social support, are adaptable to diverse living environments, address economic barriers with cost-effective solutions, and are culturally sensitive to effectively engage older adults.