Poison oak-induced contact dermatitis poses a significant challenge due to its urushiol oil-induced allergic reactions. Conventional preventive measures like avoidance and post-exposure cleansing are often impractical, necessitating innovative strategies. This comprehensive review explores emerging technologies and formulations for preventing poison oak dermatitis. Literature search via PubMed and Covidence identified 13 relevant studies, with six discussing preventive measures. Barrier methods, including occlusive creams and protective clothing, showed promise in reducing dermatitis risk. Immunotherapy, although investigated, requires further development. Complete avoidance, while effective, is often impractical. The complexity of poison oak management underscores the need for ongoing research to develop more effective preventive measures. This review highlights the current landscape, identifies gaps in knowledge, and emphasizes the importance of continued research for improved prevention and management of poison oak-induced dermatitis.

UNASSIGNED: Dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders across the world. Atopic dermatitis (AD) and contact dermatitis (CD) are its two primary types. Few studies have focused on the causal relationship between fluid intake and dermatitis. With an Mendelian Randomization (MR), this study investigated the potential causal effects of alcohol, coffee, tea, and water intake on the risk of AD and CD.
UNASSIGNED: Utilizing genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs), a two-sample MR analysis was implemented based on data from the UK Biobank and FinnGen r9 consortium. Fluid intake was categorized into alcohol, coffee, tea, and water intake. Causal estimates were analyzed through Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median methods. Cochran\'s Q, MR-Egger intercept, and MR-PRESSO tests were conducted to assess potential heterogeneity and pleiotropy.
UNASSIGNED: Water intake exhibited a significant causal effect on raised CD risk (IVW OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.58-5.41, p = <0.01). Coffee intake was associated with increased CD risk (IVW OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.19-3.91, p = 0.01). Conversely, tea intake demonstrated a protective effect on AD risk (IVW OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56-0.91, p = <0.01).
UNASSIGNED: This MR study suggests a potential association where water and coffee intake may be linked to an elevated risk of CD, while tea intake may potentially have a mitigating effect on AD risk. Modifying fluid intake patterns could be a targeted approach for dermatitis prevention, emphasizing the need for additional longitudinal studies to validate and expand upon these findings.

Background: Direct skin contact with items containing lanolin can induce sensitization and development of contact dermatitis (CD). This multi-centric study investigated prevalence of lanolin sensitization among 30,269 outpatients from North-Eastern Italy patch tested during 1997-2021. Methods: European baseline and extended Triveneto series were applied on the upper part of patients\' back and removed after 48 h. Risk factors for lanolin sensitization were investigated by multiple logistic regression analysis, reporting adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results. Overall lanolin patch test positive ratio (PTPR) was 1.64% (=501/30,629), with variability over time and by research center. The body area most frequently affected by CD were hands (36.32%), followed by face (19.52%) and legs (8.09%), with a lanolin PTPR of 1.68%, 1.37% and 3.07%, respectively. Prevalence of occupational CD was 8.24%, and 1.83% patients with occupational CD patch tested positive against lanolin. Lanolin sensitization was significantly higher in males (aOR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.08; 1.65) and among patients with leg CD aged 49-60 years (aOR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.20; 4.57) or older than 60 (aOR = 4.21; 95%CI: 2.59; 6.85). Sub-group analysis confirmed the significantly higher sensitization rate of older patients with leg CD, with much stronger effect size in females 61+ years old (aOR = 5.33; 95%CI 2.87; 9.89) than males in the same age group (aOR = 2.92; 95%CI: 1.34; 6.39). Moreover, female house painters were more likely to test positive to lanolin. Conclusions: The variability of lanolin PTPR over time and by research center endorsed the ongoing debate on the relevance of the respective skin reaction. Clinicians assessing patients with dermatitis should collect information on potential risk factors for lanolin sensitization, particularly use of skin care products containing the hapten. Occupational exposure to lanolin-containing varnishes should also be considered.

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BACKGROUND: Acrylate polymers and cross-polymers (ACPs) are frequently used cosmetic ingredients. The British Society for Cutaneous Allergy (BSCA) and the UK Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association (CTPA) collaborated to investigate the allergenic potential of three commonly-used ACPs.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to three ACPs: glyceryl acrylate/acrylic acid co-polymer, sodium polyacrylate, and acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymer (Carbopol®).
METHODS: The BSCA prospectively audited data collected from 20 centres in the UK and Ireland between 1st September 2021 and 1st September 2022. Patients with suspected ACD to (meth)acrylates, with facial dermatitis, or consecutive patients, were patch tested to glyceryl acrylate/acrylic acid co-polymer 10% aqueous (aq.) sodium polyacrylate 2% aq., and to acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymer 2% aq. (Carbopol®). The frequencies of positive, irritant, and doubtful reactions were recorded.
RESULTS: In total, 1302 patients were patch tested. To glyceryl acrylate/acrylic acid co-polymer, there was one doubtful reaction in a patient allergic to multiple (meth)acrylates, and one irritant. To sodium polyacrylate, there were four irritant reactions, one doubtful, and one positive reaction; in all cases, relevance was unknown and there was no demonstrable (meth)acrylate allergy. There were no reactions to Carbopol®.
CONCLUSIONS: Sensitisation to these concentrations of the three tested ACPs is rare. Elicitation of dermatitis in (meth)acrylate-sensitised patients by exposure to these three ACPs appears unlikely.

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The present study aims to investigate the current trends in replacing conventional preservatives with multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties for preservation of cosmetics for infants or sensitive population, to decrease their potential for contact dermatitis. We first reviewed the labels of cosmetics purchased from the Chinese market for conventional preservatives and multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties, of which the actual contents were further quantified by chromatographic methods. We identified 7 traditional preservatives (phenoxyethanol, benzoic acid (salts), methylparaben, benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid (salts), propylparaben, and methylisothiazolinone), and 11 alternative ingredients with antimicrobial activities (ethylhexylglycerin, butylene glycol, caprylyl glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, p-anisic acid, hydroxyacetophenone, pentylene glycol, decylene glycol, caprylhydroxamic acid, and aminomethyl propanol) in descending order of prevalence. The contents of all identified preservatives and ingredients were either below regulatory limits or in the range that is generally regarded to be safe. Further challenge with microorganisms indicated irrespective of the composition of preservation systems, product preservation could be compromised under test conditions. We conclude that multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties in cosmetics have the potential to completely replace or significantly reduce the use of traditional preservatives while retaining comparative preservative efficacy. Future attentions may need to be shifted to the safety of those multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties.

BACKGROUND: This exploratory study aimed to assess contact dermatitis (CD) risk among workers using the Manitoba Occupational Disease Surveillance System (MODSS).
METHODS: The MODSS linked accepted time-loss claims from the Workers\' Compensation Board of Manitoba (2006-2019), with administrative health data from medical and hospital records (1996-2020). CD risk by occupation and industry (hazard ratio, 95% confidence intervals) was estimated using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for age and stratified by sex.
RESULTS: Increased risk of new onset CD was observed among some occupations and industries with known skin irritants and allergens. Some occupations with known increased risks of CD remained elevated when removing the accepted WCB cases was performed, suggesting that all CD cases in these occupations may not show up in WCB statistics. Increased risk was also observed for occupations and industries with unknown exposures related to CD, whereas some groups known to be at risk of CD were not observed to have elevated risks in this cohort.
CONCLUSIONS: The MODSS successfully identified some occupations and industries known to be at high risk of occupational CD, but not others. Some occupations not typically associated with work-related CD were also identified, which warrants further investigation.

Microbial dysbiosis is increasingly understood to influence allergic sensitization and skin barrier defects in dermatitis. Occlusion, such as from moisturizers, fosters microbial dysbiosis, and increases itch in many patients with dermatitis. Nevertheless, use of moisturizers in dermatitis remains part of dermatologic guidelines. This is a review of the evidence of benefits and adverse effects of moisturizers in dermatitis and a proposal for moderation in their clinical use.

BACKGROUND: Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is an immunologically mediated photodermatosis that has been effectively treated with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in uncontrolled studies. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of azathioprine and MMF in CAD treatment, aiming to address existing evidence gaps.
METHODS: Consecutive CAD patients were randomized into two groups: azathioprine (Group A) or MMF (Group B) for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes included Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) at baseline and Week 12. Secondary outcomes included various clinicodemographic factors predictive of treatment response, defined at least a 75% reduction in EASI score (EASI75) by Week 12.
RESULTS: The median (IQR) percentage reduction in EASI at 12 weeks was higher in Group B than in Group A [78.3% (75.0-83.30%) vs. 68.3% (31.2-80.10%), P = 0.034]. Baseline DLQI scores indicated a moderate impact on quality of life, with significant reductions by Week 12 in both groups and no intergroup differences at baseline (P = 0.291) or Week 12 (P = 0.599). Overall, 23 patients were classified as non-responders, with more extended illness duration (P = 0.026) and outdoor occupations (P = 0.042) associated with poorer responses. Adverse effects were consistent with known profiles, with one patient discontinuing azathioprine due to hypersensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the efficacy and safety of azathioprine and MMF in CAD treatment, with MMF showing superior outcomes. However, further research is warranted to explore emerging therapies and prognostic factors in CAD management.