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The long-tailed goral is close to extinction, and ex situ conservation is essential to prevent this phenomenon. Studies on the gut microbiome of the long-tailed goral are important for understanding the ecology of this species. We amplified DNA from the 16S rRNA regions and compared the microbiomes of wild long-tailed gorals and two types of captive long-tailed gorals. Our findings revealed that the gut microbiome diversity of wild long-tailed gorals is greatly reduced when they are reared in captivity. A comparison of the two types of captive long-tailed gorals confirmed that animals with a more diverse diet exhibit greater gut microbiome diversity. Redundancy analysis confirmed that wild long-tailed gorals are distributed throughout the highlands, midlands, and lowlands. For the first time, it was revealed that the long-tailed goral are divided into three groups depending on the height of their habitat, and that the gut bacterial community changes significantly when long-tailed gorals are raised through ex situ conservation. This provides for the first time a perspective on the diversity of food plants associated with mountain height that will be available to long-tailed goral in the future.

Bioindication, evaluating biological responses to environmental disturbances, is crucial for assessing the ecological status of an ecosystem. While historical bioindication relied on macroscopic organisms, the introduction of environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques allows the application of protists without the necessity of morphological identification. In this study, we propose a novel bioindication methodology utilizing Arcellinida, a group of top predators among protists, as bioindicators of freshwater ecosystems. For that purpose, we first characterized the Arcellinida diversity over 1 year at three different points of Lake Sanabria, an ancient glacier lake known to be subjected to anthropogenic disturbances. We compared this diversity with an undisturbed control site. Second, we characterized the Arcellinida diversity in other ecosystems to generate the ecological background to test the connectivity between them. Results indicate limited connectivity between the different ecosystems and an edge effect between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Disturbed freshwater ecosystems exhibited reduced Arcellinida diversity at both specific and infraspecific levels, providing valuable insight into recent disturbances. Arcellinida-based bioindication provides a sensitive, accurate and easy-to-interpret protocol for monitoring disturbances in freshwater ecosystems. It represents a valuable tool for environmental assessments and conservation strategies.

Cemeteries are key urban green spaces with multifaceted societal and ecological importance. Their biodiversity is shaped by unique environmental and cultural factors. They can potentially protect rare and endangered species, yet their conservation value compared with other urban green spaces remains largely unexplored. We sought to fill this gap by systematically reviewing literature to investigate the conservation value of cemeteries relative to other urban green spaces (botanical gardens, institutional premises, natural remnants, and parks) by comparing species richness and proportions of native and unique species. We analyzed data from 70 papers covering 50 cities in 27 countries with linear and binomial mixed-effects models at both site and city level. Cemetery conservation value was similar to urban parks, except for the proportion of unique species, for which parks had significantly higher proportions (21.9% vs. 14.2%, p < 0.001). Cemeteries hosted slightly higher proportions of native species at the city level than botanical gardens (99.7% vs. 99.6%, p < 0.001) and institutional green spaces (96.3% vs. 94.1%, p = 0.034) and proportions comparable to parks and natural remnants (p > 0.05). They also had similar or higher values than institutional premises in species richness and unique species proportions (p > 0.05) and a higher site-level proportion of native species (p < 0.001). In contrast, species richness (slopes = -0.11 and -0.25, respectively) and unique species proportions (4.4% and 6.9%, respectively, p < 0.001 for both) were lower in cemeteries than in remnants of natural areas and in botanical gardens. The conservation value of cemeteries and parks was similar for animals, but parks had a higher value for plants. Overall, cemeteries were generally at least as valuable as some other green spaces for urban biodiversity and mostly native biota. Their religious and cultural significance suggests they will remain intact in the long term; thus, it is essential to prioritize and further promote their biodiversity in conservation and sustainable urban design plans.
Análisis del valor de conservación que tienen los cementerios para la biota urbana a nivel mundial Resumen Los cementerios son espacios urbanos verdes con una importancia social y ecológica multifacética. Su biodiversidad está moldeada por factores ambientales y culturales únicos. Los cementerios tienen el potencial para proteger especies raras y en peligro, pero su valor de conservación sigue sin ser explorado cuando se compara con otros espacios urbanos verdes. Buscamos llenar este vacío con una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía para investigar el valor de conservación de los cementerios en relación a otros espacios urbanos verdes (jardines botánicos, sedes institucionales, remanentes naturales y parques) al comparar la riqueza de especies y la proporción de especies nativas y únicas. Analizamos con modelos lineales y binomiales de efectos mixtos a nivel de sitio y de ciudad los datos de 70 artículos enfocados en 50 ciudades de 27 países. El valor de conservación de los cementerios fue similar al de los parques urbanos, excepto para la proporción de especies únicas, para la cual los parques tuvieron una proporción significativamente más alta (21.9% vs. 14.2%, p<0.001). A nivel de ciudad, los cementerios albergaron una proporción ligeramente mayor de especies nativas en comparación con los jardines botánicos (99.7% vs. 99.6%, p<0.001) y las sedes institucionales (96.3% vs. 94.1%, p = 0.034) y tuvieron una proporción comparable a los parques y los remanentes naturales (p>0.05). Los cementerios también tuvieron un valor similar o mayor a los espacios verdes institucionales en cuanto a riqueza de especies y proporción de especies únicas (p>0.05) y una proporción mayor a nivel de sitio de especies nativas (p<0.001). Al contrario, la riqueza de especies (pendientes = ‐0.11 y ‐0.25, respectivamente) y la proporción de especies únicas (4.4% y 6.9%, respectivamente, p<0.001 para ambas) fueron menores en los cementerios que en los remanentes de las áreas naturales y en los jardines botánicos. El valor de conservación de los cementerios y los parques fue similar para los animales, pero los parques tuvieron un valor mayor para las plantas. En general, los cementerios fueron al menos tan valiosos como otros espacios verdes para la biodiversidad urbana y casi toda la biota nativa. El significado religioso y cultural que tienen los cementerios sugiere que seguirán intactos a largo plazo; por ello, es esencial priorizar y promover aún más su biodiversidad en la conservación y en los planes de diseño urbano sustentable.
【摘要】 墓地是重要的城市绿地, 具有多方面社会和生态重要性。墓地的生物多样性由其独特的环境和文化因素决定。墓地可能可以保护稀有和濒危物种, 但与其他城市绿地相比, 其保护价值尚不清楚。为了填补这一研究空缺, 我们系统回顾了相关文献, 通过比较物种丰富度以及本地物种和特有物种的比例, 研究了墓相较于其他城市绿地(植物园、机构场所、自然遗迹和公园)的保护价值。我们利用线性模型和二项式混合效应模型, 在位点水平和城市水平上分析了来自27个国家50个城市的70篇论文中的数据。结果表明, 墓地的保护价值与城市公园相似, 但特有物种的比例不同, 公园特有物种的比例明显更高(21.9%比14.2%, p<0.001)。在城市水平上, 墓地与植物园(99.7%比99.6%, p<0.001)和机构绿地(96.3%比94.1%, p = 0.034)相比, 拥有的本地物种比例略高, 而与公园和自然遗迹的本地物种比例相当(p>0.05)。在物种丰富度和特有物种比例方面, 墓地也与机构绿地的水平相近甚至比机构绿地更高(p>0.05), 其位点水平的本地物种比例也更高(p<0.001)。相比之下, 墓地的物种丰富度(斜率分别为‐0.11和‐0.25)和特有物种比例(分别为4.4%和6.9%, 均为p<0.001)低于自然遗迹和植物园。此外, 墓地和公园对动物的保护价值相似, 但公园对植物的保护价值更高。总体而言, 对于城市生物多样性和大部分本地生物群而言, 墓地的保护价值至少与其他一些绿地相当。由于墓地具有独特的宗教和文化意义, 它们将长期保持完整性;因此, 在保护和可持续城市设计计划中优先保护和提高墓地的生物多样性具有重要意义。【翻译:胡怡思;审校:聂永刚】.

Heavy metal residues in natural ecosystems have emerged as a significant global environmental problem requiring urgent resolution. Because these elements are non-biodegradable, organisms can accumulate excessive levels of heavy metal elements into their tissues. Previous studies suggest that prolonged exposure to heavy metal enrichment poses comprehensive toxicity to various organs in vertebrates. However, few studies have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the hepatotoxic effects of heavy metal enrichment in Chiroptera. In this study, 10 Hipposideros armiger individuals were dissected from Yingde City (YD, relatively pollution-free) and Chunwan City (CW, excessive heavy metals emission). Environmental samples were also obtained. To investigate the mechanism of heavy metal toxicity in bat livers, we employed a combination of multi-omics, pathology, and molecular biology methods. Our results revealed significant enrichment of Cd and Pb in the bat livers and food sources in the CW group (P<0.05). Furthermore, prolonged accumulation of heavy metals disrupted hepatic transcription profiles associated with the solute carriers family, the ribosome pathway, ATP usage, and heat shock proteins. Excessive heavy metal enrichment also altered the relative abundance of typical gut microbe taxa significantly (P<0.05), inhibiting tight-junction protein expression. We observed a significant decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione (P<0.05), along with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) density and malondialdehyde content following excessive heavy metal enrichment. Additionally, hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation injuries were present under conditions of excessive heavy metal enrichment, while the contents of metabolism biomarkers significantly decreased (P<0.05). Consequently, prolonged heavy metal enrichment can induce hepatotoxicity by disturbing the microbes-gut-liver axis and hepatic transcription modes, leading to a decrease in overall metabolic activity in bats. Our study offers strategies for biodiversity conservation and highlights the importance of addressing environmental pollution to raise public awareness.

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