颅内肿瘤在生命的第一年是罕见的,在这个年龄段,是仅次于白血病的第二常见的儿科癌症。作为新生儿和婴儿中较为常见的实体瘤,它们表现出一些特点,例如恶性肿瘤的高发病率。常规超声检查更容易检测宫内肿瘤,但是由于缺乏或缺乏可识别的症状,诊断可能会延迟。这些肿瘤通常非常大且高度血管化。他们的移除具有挑战性,发病率和死亡率高于年龄较大的儿童,青少年,和成年人。它们在位置上也不同于年龄较大的儿童,组织学特征,临床行为,和管理。小儿低度神经胶质瘤占该年龄组肿瘤的30%,包括局限性和弥漫性肿瘤。其次是髓母细胞瘤和室管膜瘤。其他非髓母细胞瘤胚胎性肿瘤,以前被称为PNETS,通常也诊断为新生儿和婴儿。畸胎瘤在新生儿中具有表达性发病率,但逐渐下降,直到生命的第一年结束。免疫组织化学,分子,和基因组的进步正在影响对某些肿瘤治疗的理解和靶向,但是,尽管有这些进步,切除程度仍然是影响几乎所有类型肿瘤预后和生存的最重要因素.结果很难估计,5年生存率为1/4至3/4的患者.
Intracranial tumors in the first year of life are rare and, in this age group, are the second most common type of pediatric cancer after leukemias. As the more common solid tumor in neonates and infants, they present some peculiarities such as the high incidence of malignancies. Routine ultrasonography made easier to detect intrauterine tumors, but diagnosis can be delayed due to the lack or scarcity of recognizable symptoms. These neoplasms are often very large and highly vascular. Their removal is challenging, and there is a higher rate of morbidity and mortality than seen in older children, adolescents, and adults. They also differ from older children with respect to location, histological features, clinical behavior, and management. Pediatric low-grade gliomas represent 30% of the tumors in this age group and comprise circumscribed and diffuse tumors. They are followed by medulloblastoma and ependymoma. Other non-medulloblastoma embryonal neoplasms, former known as PNETS, are also commonly diagnosed in neonates and infants. Teratomas have an expressive incidence in newborns but decline gradually until the end of the first year of life. Immunohistochemical, molecular, and genomic advances are impacting the understanding and targeting of the treatment of some tumors, but, despite all these advances, the extent of resection remains the most important factor in the prognosis and survival of almost all types of tumors. The outcome is difficult to estimate, and 5-year survival ranges from one-quarter to three-quarters of the patients.