OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of future control interventions.
METHODS: Data pertaining to comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and echinococcosis surveillance in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022 were collected. The effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source was evaluated with prevalence of human echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis patients, prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs, prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock, prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals and awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge, and Spearman\'s rank correlation analysis.
RESULTS: The prevalence of human echinococcosis reduced from 1.08% in 2010 to 0.40% in 2022 in Sichuan Province (χ2 = 1 482.97, P < 0.05), with a reduction from 0.30% to 0.02% in the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases (χ2 = 2 776.41, P < 0.05), a reduction from 15.87% to 0.46% in the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs (χ2 = 20 823.96, P < 0.05), a reduction from 8.05% to 1.07% in the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (χ2 = 1 296.02, P < 0.05), and the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 50.65% to 95.24% (χ2 = 34 938.63, P < 0.05); in addition, there was a year-specific prevalence rate of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals (χ2 = 164.07, P < 0.05). Spearman\'s rank correlation analysis revealed that the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases correlated positively with the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs (rs = 0.823, P < 0.05) and the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.795, P < 0.05), and correlated negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = - 0.918, P < 0.05), and the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs correlated positively with the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.753, P < 0.05) and negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = -0.747, P < 0.05); however, there was no correlation between the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs and the prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals (rs = -0.750, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source had achieved remarkable effectiveness in Sichuan Province; however, the transmission chain of echinococcosis has not been interrupted. Reinforced comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and sustained tracking evaluation of the effectiveness are recommended in Sichuan Province.
［摘要］ 目的 评价2010—2022年四川省以传染源控制为主的棘球蚴病综合防治措施实施效果, 从而为制定下一步防 控措施提供参考。方法 收集2010—2022年四川省以传染源控制为主的棘球蚴病综合防治措施和棘球蚴病监测数据, 以人群棘球蚴病患病率、新发现棘球蚴病患者检出率、家犬棘球绦虫感染率、家畜细粒棘球蚴病患病率、小型哺乳动物多 房棘球蚴病患病率、人群棘球蚴病防治知识知晓率为指标, 并采用Spearman等级相关进行相关性分析, 评价以传染源控 制为主的棘球蚴病综合防治措施实施效果。结果 2010—2022年, 四川省人群棘球蚴患病率从1.08%下降至0.40% (χ2 = 1 482.97, P < 0.05), 新发现棘球蚴病患者检出率从0.30%下降至0.02% (χ2 = 2 776.41, P < 0.05), 家犬棘球绦虫感 染率从15.87%下降至0.46% (χ2 = 20 823.96, P < 0.05), 家畜细粒棘球蚴病患病率从8.05%下降至1.07% (χ2 = 1 296.02, P < 0.05), 人群棘球蚴病防治知识知晓率从50.65%提高至95.24% (χ2 = 34 938.63, P < 0.05), 不同年份小型哺乳动物多 房棘球蚴病患病率差异有统计学意义 (χ2 = 164.07, P < 0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析显示, 新发现棘球蚴病患者检出率 与家犬棘球绦虫感染率 (rs = 0.823, P < 0.05) 及家畜细粒棘球蚴病患病率呈正相关 (rs = 0.795, P < 0.05), 与人群棘球蚴病 防治知识知晓率呈负相关 (rs = − 0.918, P < 0.05); 家犬棘球绦虫感染率与家畜细粒棘球蚴病患病率呈正相关 (rs = 0.753, P < 0.05), 与人群棘球蚴病防治知识知晓率呈负相关 (rs = −0.747, P < 0.05), 与小型哺乳动物多房棘球蚴病患病率无相关 性 (rs= −0.750, P > 0.05)。结论 四川省以传染源控制为主的棘球蚴病综合防治措施取得了显著成效, 但传播环节仍未 有效阻断; 需继续强化以传染源控制为主的棘球蚴病综合防治措施, 并持续跟踪评价防治措施效果。.

OBJECTIVE: To construct an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept, so as to provide insights into the control and elimination of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis using the One Health approach.
METHODS: A preliminary evaluation index system was constructed based on literature review, panel discussions and field surveys. Thirty-three experts were selected from 7 provincial disease control and prevention centers in Beijing Municipality, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Henan Province, Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province where mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis was endemic, and two rounds of expert consultations were conducted to screen the indicators. The positive coefficient, degree of concentration, degree of coordination, and authority of the experts were calculated, and the normalized weights of each index were calculated with the analytic hierarchy process.
RESULTS: The response rates of questionnaires during two rounds of expert consultation were both 100.00% (33/33), and the authority coefficients of the experts were 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. The coefficients of coordination among experts on the rationality, importance, and operability of the indicators were 0.392, 0.437, 0.258, and 0.364, 0.335, 0.263, respectively (all P values < 0.05). Following screening, the final evaluation index system included 3 primary indicators, 17 secondary indicators, and 50 tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of primary indicators \"external environment\", \"internal support\" and \"comprehensive control\" were 16.98%, 38.73% and 44.29%, respectively. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator \"external environment\", the highest weight was seen for natural environment (66.67%), and among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator \"internal support\", the lowest weight was seen for the scientific research for visceral leishmaniasis control (8.26%), while other indicators had weights of 12.42% to 13.38%. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator \"comprehensive control\", the weight was 16.67% for each indicator.
CONCLUSIONS: An evaluation index system has been constructed for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept. In addition to assessment of the effect of conventional mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis control measures, this index system integrates the importance of top-level design, organizational management, and implementation of control measures, and includes indicators related to multi-sectoral cooperation.
［摘要］ 目的 基于全健康理念构建犬源型内脏利什曼病 (mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, MT-ZVL) 综合治 理能力评估指标体系, 从全健康的整体视角探索遏制该病疫情回升的切入点, 以促进其控制与消除。方法 在文献分析 基础上, 结合课题组讨论、现场调查等初步构建指标体系。在北京、河北、山西、河南、四川、陕西、甘肃7个MT-ZVL流行 省 (直辖市) 的省级疾病预防控制中心, 选择33名专家开展两轮专家咨询, 对指标进行筛选, 并计算专家积极系数、专家 意见集中程度、专家意见协调程度、专家权威程度, 采用层次分析法计算各指标归一化权重。结果 两轮专家咨询法问 卷回收率均为100.00% (33/33), 专家权威系数分别为0.86和0.88, 指标合理性、重要性、可操作性的专家意见协调系数分 别为0.392、0.437、0.258和0.364、0.335、0.263 (P 均< 0.05)。经过筛选, 最终形成的指标体系包括3个一级指标、17个二 级指标、50个三级指标。“外部环境”、“内部支持”、“综合治理” 3个一级指标归一化权重分别为16.98%、38.73%、44.29%; “外部环境” 的二级指标中, “自然环境” 权重最高 (66.67%); “内部支持” 的二级指标中, “内脏利什曼病防治科学研究” 权 重最低 (8.26%), 其他指标权重在12.42%~13.38%; “综合治理” 的二级指标中, 各指标权重均为16.67%。结论 构建了 基于全健康理念的MT-ZVL综合治理能力评估指标体系。该指标体系在兼顾传统MT-ZVL防治效果评估的同时, 综合考 虑了顶层设计、组织管理和防治措施落实的重要性, 纳入了多部门协作相关指标。.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most harmful bacterial disease in citrus production in the world, and has been seriously ravaging the citrus groves of South China since the 1930s. The surveillance of the epidemiological characteristics of HLB is of utmost priority for citrus production in this region. In order to explore the effects of disease control measures, analyses on the space-time statistical features of the HLB epidemic, from 2019 to 2021, within six orchards in the Guangdong province are presented. Overall, the number of citrus plants in the orchards usually slightly decreased year by year. The reduction was mainly related to the level of plant susceptibility, which is correlated with citrus varieties. The maximum disease severity (incidence and race increment) was correlated with the awareness of this disease and the management intensity applied by the manager. A higher disease index was found in the conventional management orchards than in the comprehensive prevention and control orchards. Proper insect-protective screen houses can effectively prevent the epidemic of HLB, without affecting the fruit quality, and can also aid with higher yields. A high correlation was found between the geometry and topography of orchards and the HLB epidemic due to the wind direction from May to September and the Asia citrus psyllid activity characteristics. For flat orchards, the incidence of HLB in the north and entrance areas was higher than that in the southwest. In the mountain area, the incidence of the windward side in the south was higher than that of the leeward side in the north. Diseased trees tended to have an edge effect in the grove, whereas the trees of the same disease scale were found clustered in their distribution. These results allow a better understanding of HLB epidemiology and provide guidance for the early warning of HLB in new groves in areas that are severely affected by this disease. Furthermore, they also provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of HLB in old groves.

Currently, air pollution is primarily characterized by PM2.5 and O3. Therefore, the co-control of PM2.5 and O3 has become an important task of atmosphere pollution prevention and control in China. However, few studies have been conducted on the emissions from vapor recovery and processes, which is an important source of VOCs. This paper analyzed the VOC emissions of three vapor process technologies in service stations and first proposed key pollutants for priority control based on the coordinated reactivity of O3 and SOA. The concentration of VOCs emitted from the vapor processor was 3.14-9.95 g m-3, compared to 631.2-717.8 g m-3 for uncontrolled vapor. Alkanes, alkenes, and halocarbons accounted for a high proportion of the vapor both before and after control. Among the emissions, i-pentane, n-butane, and i-butane were the most abundant species. Then, the species of OFP and SOAP were calculated through the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) and fractional aerosol coefficient (FAC). The average source reactivity (SR) value of the VOC emissions from three service stations was 1.9 g g-1, while the OFP ranged from 8.2 to 13.9 g m-3 and SOAP ranged from 0.18 to 0.36 g m-3. By considering the coordinated chemical reactivity of O3 and SOA, a comprehensive control index (CCI) was proposed for the control of key pollutant species that have multiplier effects on environment. For adsorption, trans-2-butene and p-xylene were the key co-control pollutants, while toluene and trans-2-butene were the most important for membrane and condensation + membrane control. A 50% emission reduction of the top two key species that emission account for 4.3% averagely will reduce O3 by 18.4% and SOA by 17.9%.

Indoor air purification is extremely urgent to eliminate the health threat of PM 2.5, VOCs and microbial aerosol for exposing people, for which ESPs enjoy exceptional advantage for its special high-voltage characteristic. However, the secondary air pollutant of ozone is produced to possibly cause potential risk. In this work, six kinds of two-stage ESPs containing various charger and collector units, whose structure and size design are determined according to the indoor application, are developed to investigate the comprehensive control of PM 2.5 capture and ozone emission. Responsive surface methodology is employed to explore the relationship among ozone concentration, wire number, charger current and airflow velocity, and obtain regression model for predicting ozone emission. The comprehensive evaluation standard considering efficiency-ozone double factors is proposed to optimize structure design and working conditions of two-stage ESPs. Experimental results show that two-stage ESPs with a unit ratio of >3/4 can keep relatively good stable state, whose current reduction is in around 10 μA, for preventing particle charging function of charger from basically affecting. For the two-stage ESP with Ra = 2/5, it finds the optimization of working conditions of collector can bring rapid improvement of collection efficiency for 0.25 μm particles, which reaches up to be >60 %, while the optimization of that of the charger can only result in an enhancement of <30 %. RSM analysis exhibits a strong connection between the interactive effect of charger current and airflow velocity for presenting a steep response surface. Based on comprehensive control of PM 2.5 and ozone pollutants, it suggests the two-stage ESP with Ra = 2/5 is selected at the first priority and then that with Ra = 1/6, while two-stage ESP with Ra = 4/3 is not recommended for unsatisfied consequence of both of PM 2.5 capture and ozone emission.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018, so as to provide evidence for formulating the future control strategy.
METHODS: The data regarding Oncomelania snail survey and control, schistosomiasis examinations and environmental improvements were collected in Jiangshan City from 2008 to 2018. The changes in snail status and morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infections were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control.
RESULTS: From 2008 to 2018, a total of 61 220 person-times were examined for S. japonicum infections in Jiangshan City, and the overall seroprevalence of S. japonicum infections was 0.56% (343/61 220); however, no egg-positives were detected. Among 4 231 cattle screened for S. japonicum infections using blood tests in Jiangshan City during the period from 2008 to 2018, 12 were sero-positive, with sero-prevalence of 0.28% (12/4 231), and no egg-positives were identified. There were 422 snail habitats identified in Jiangshan City during the study period, covering an area of 46.915 hm2, and among the 31 686 snails dissected, no S. japonicum infections were detected. An area of 3 625.492 hm2 snail habitats were subjected to repeated snail control and 11 settings were given environmental improvements, covering snail habitats of 17.880 hm2 and historical snail habitats of 204.380 hm2.
CONCLUSIONS: Following the implementation of environmental improvements-based comprehensive schistosomiasis control, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis is stable in Jiangshan City; however, there is still a risk of snail importation and re-emerging schistosomiasis. Therefore, the monitoring of snails and morbidity due to S. japonicum infections should be intensified in the city.
［摘要］ 目的 分析2008–2018年江山市血吸虫病疫情, 为制定下阶段防治策略提供依据。方法 收集2008–2018年江山市查灭螺、查病和环境改造资料, 分析螺情、病情变化, 评估综合治理效果。结果 2008–2018年江山市累计开展血吸虫病查病61 220人·次, 血检总阳性率为0.56% (343/61 220), 粪检均为阴性; 耕牛查病4 231头, 其中血检阳性12头, 阳性率0.28% (12/4 231), 粪检均为阴性; 查出螺点422个, 有螺面积46.915 hm2, 解剖钉螺31 686只, 未发现感染性钉螺; 反复灭螺面积达3 625.492 hm2, 进行环境改造11处, 改造有螺面积17.880 hm2, 改造历史钉螺孳生环境204.380 hm2。结论 江山市实施以环境改造为主的血吸虫病综合治理措施后, 血吸虫病疫情稳定, 但仍然存在钉螺输入和血吸虫病再流行风险, 需继续加强螺情和病情监测工作。.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the working mode of continuous malaria elimination.
METHODS: Judong Village in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, which had the highest record of malaria incidence in the history of Guizhou Province, was selected as a pilot, a comprehensive prevention and control intervention was carried out aiming at the malaria epidemic, transmission and influencing factors, and the effect was evaluated after the intervention.
RESULTS: From 2015 to 2016, through those intensive measures of constructing system, improving environment and health education, the people\'s awareness of malaria prevention was increased, the people\'s enthusiasm and initiatives to participate in the prevention and control of malaria were improved in Judong Village. Meanwhile, the roads were hardened and beautified, the dispose of sewage, feces and garbage was centralized. The awareness rate of malaria prevention knowledge of residents increased to 85% to 95%, and the formation rate of anti-mosquito behavior increased to 89.66%. The density of media Anopheles reduced from 0.56 to 0.07 mosquitoes per hour each mosquito catching platform.
CONCLUSIONS: A long-term mechanism for malaria prevention and control has been almost constructed in Judong Village, which facilitates the consolidation of malaria control achievements, and the progress towards malaria elimination.
[摘要] 目的 探索持续消除疟疾的工作模式。方法 选择历史上曾为疟疾高度流行区的贵州省从江县巨洞村作为试 点, 针对疟疾流行与传播环节及影响因素, 进行综合防控干预, 并评价干预前后的效果。结果 2015–2016 年, 从江县巨 洞村通过建章立制、整治环境、健康教育等强化措施, 提高了群众的疟防意识, 以及参与疟疾防控工作的积极性和主动 性; 实现了道路硬化等环境美化, 实行了污水、粪便和垃圾集中处理。人群疟防知识知晓率、防蚊行为形成率分别提高到 了 85%～95% 和 89.66%; 媒介按蚊密度由 0.56 只/(台·h)下降至 0.07 只/(台·h)。结论 从江县巨洞村基本形成了综合防 控疟疾的长效机制, 有助于巩固疟疾防治成果、推进消除疟疾目标的实现。.

Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, and it has a significant influence on the transmission, control and elimination of schistosomiasis. In 2016, Zhejiang Province passed the national united assessment of \"maintaining the schistosomiasis elimination status\"; however, there are still O. hupensis snails remained in the very complicated environments. The breeding and spread of O. hupensis snails can be controlled for a long time with the environmental modification by adapting to local circumstance and scientific development, which can reduce the potential risk of schistosomiasis transmission and promote the development of local economy and society. This paper analyzes the working conditions of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Zhejiang Province and gives some relevant suggestions on how to guarantee the maintenance of the schistosomiasis elimination status in Zhejiang Province by the environmental modification combined with \"a total of five-water treatment\", which can effectively condense the local snail breeding environments in key schistosomiasis endemic regions.
[摘要] 钉螺是日本血吸虫的唯⼀中间宿主, 对血吸虫病的传播、控制和消除具有重要影响。浙江省已于2016年通过 了国家“维持血吸虫病消除状态”的联合考核, 但目前仍存在⼀定数量的残存钉螺, 且分布环境极为复杂。如何通过因地 制宜地开展有螺环境综合改造等科学防治, 长效控制钉螺的孳生和扩散, 减少血吸虫病传播与流行的潜在风险, 巩固已 取得的防治成果, 是血吸虫病防治地区当前亟待解决的问题。本文分析了浙江省血吸虫病防治工作情况, 并就血吸虫病 流行区结合“五水共治”总体规划落实重点有螺环境综合治理, 改变钉螺孳生环境, 确保全省维持血吸虫病消除状态、巩 固防治成果等提出了相关建议。.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures with focus on total removal of cattle and sheep in Juanshan District, Yueyang City.
METHODS: The schistosome infection status of human, cattle, sheep and Oncomelania hupensis snails and costs of control measures were gathered during the period of 2006 to 2016. The costs for different periods and cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated.
RESULTS: The prevalence of schistosome infection in residents in the pilot villages decreased from 3.44% in 2006 to 0 in 2016. The annual costs of schistosomiasis prevention and control were 4 708 500 yuan from 2006 to 2008, 5 094 700 yuan from 2009 to 2012 and 9 522 700 yuan from 2013 to 2016. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the average annual cost of reduction in the residents\'infection rate by 1% were 79 500 yuan from 2006 to 2008, 101 200 yuan from 2009 to 2012, and 95 200 yuan from 2013 to 2016, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy with focus on cattle and sheep removal in Junshan District is cost effective which could be extended to other lake and marshland schistosomiasis endemic areas.
［摘要］目的 评价湖南省岳阳市君山区以全面淘汰牛羊为重点的血吸虫病综合防治措施的成本效果。 方法 回顾性 收集2006-2016年君山区试点村淘汰牛羊、查治病、查灭螺及各项血防经费投入等资料, 统计各项血防措施的成本, 计算 不同时期的成本效果比。 结果 2006-2016年君山区试点村居民血吸虫感染率从3.44% 下降至0, 血防工作共投入 7 259.48万元。2006-2008、2009-2012年和2013-2016年三个阶段的年平均血防成本分别为470.85万、509.47万元和 952.27万元。成本-效果分析显示, 2006-2008、2009-2012年和2013-2016年三个时期居民血吸虫感染率每下降1%的年 均血防成本分别为7.95万、10.12万元和9.52万元。 结论 君山区采取的以全面淘汰牛羊为重点的血吸虫病综合防治措 施取得了良好的防治效果, 可向其他湖沼型血吸虫病流行区推广。.

Objective To study the effect of schistosomiasis transmission interruption model based on intensive agriculture in hilly endemic areas, so as to provide the reference for the similar endemic areas. Methods Based on the development of intensive agriculture in Guanghan City, a comprehensive demonstration area of schistosomiasis control with measures such as new rural construction, hardening ditches, the adjustment of industrial structure and water remediation measures was constructed. Jinhua, Shiguan and Hongyan villages were chosen as the evaluation sites to comparatively analyze the indexes of intensive agriculture and schistosomiasis control effects. Results Compared with the demonstration area before construction, in 2014, the harden rates of ditches and village roads were increased by 49.57% and 39.33% respectively; and the proportion of agricultural machinery increased by 25%. The positive rate of serological tests of schistosomiasis was decreased by 81.74%. The Oncomelania hupensis snail area was decreased from 2.44 hm2 (2007) to 0 (2014). The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and correct behavior rate of the residents were increased from 51.28% and 90.85% to 91.29% and 97.69% respectively. The experience of the demonstration area ensured the entire Guanghan District achieved the schistosomiasis transmission interruption criterion at the end of 2014. Conclusions The schistosomiasis control model of intensive agriculture combined with other comprehensive measures has a good effect on interrupting the endemic of schistosomiasis, and it can realize the sustainable development of the agricultural economy and schistosomiasis control.
［摘要］目的 研究山丘型血吸虫病流行区依托农业集约化阻断血吸虫病传播的效果, 为防治模式在同类型地区的推广应用提供参考依据。方法 在广汉市开展依托农业集约化, 结合新农村建设、沟渠硬化、产业结构调整、水系整治等措施的血防综合防治示范区创建, 选择锦花村、石观村、红堰村等3个流行村作为评价点, 对实施干预措施前后的农业集约化、居民经济收入等相关指标进行比较分析, 并对血防效果指标进行评价。结果 与示范区创建前相比, 2014年示范区沟渠硬化比例上升了 49.57%, 村道硬化比例上升了 39.33%, 机械耕作比例上升了 25%。人群血检阳性率下降了 81.74%。钉螺面积从2007年的2.44 hm2降至2014年的0。人群血防知识知晓率和行为正确率分别从51.28%、90.85%提高至91.29%、97.69%。广汉市在2014年底顺利达到血吸虫病传播阻断标准。结论 农业集约化结合其他综合治理措施防治血吸虫病的模式对阻断血吸虫病传播具有较好效果, 可同步实现血吸虫病控制和农业经济的可持续发展。 ［关键词］血吸虫病; 农业集约化; 综合治理; 传播阻断.