农业对可持续发展目标的贡献需要气候智慧型和有利可图的农业创新。增加氨肥应用以满足全球粮食需求导致农业成本高昂,环境质量恶化,全球变暖,作物产量没有显著增加。这里,我们报道了第三个微生物氨氧化过程,完全氨氧化(Comammox),在世界各地的农业土壤中,以3.53±0.55mgNkg-1d-1的速度导致氨肥大量流失(41.9±4.8%)。Comammox对氨肥损失的贡献,主要发生在表层农业土壤剖面(0-0.2m)中,相当于细菌氨氧化(48.6±4.5%);这两个过程都比古细菌氨氧化(9.5±3.6%)重要得多。相比之下,Comammox产生的N2O较少(0.98±0.44μgNkg-1d-1,11.7±3.1%),与古细菌氨氧化产生的(16.4±4.4%)相当,但显着低于细菌氨氧化(72.0±5.1%)。Comammox将氨转化为N2O的效率(0.02±0.01%)明显低于细菌(0.24±0.06%)和古细菌(0.16±0.04%)氨氧化的效率。随着土壤pH值的增加,Comammox速率增加,这是唯一显着影响Comammox细菌丰度和速率的物理化学特征。氨肥损失,以Comammox和细菌氨氧化为主,在pH>6.5的土壤中比在pH<6.5的土壤中更强烈。我们的结果表明,Comammox在氨肥流失和农业生态系统的可持续发展中起着至关重要的作用,而这些作用长期以来一直被人们忽视。
The contribution of agriculture to the sustainable development goals requires climate-smart and profitable farm innovations. Increasing the ammonia fertilizer applications to meet the global food demands results in high agricultural costs, environmental quality deterioration, and global warming, without a significant increase in crop yield. Here, we reported that a third microbial ammonia oxidation process, complete ammonia oxidation (comammox), is contributing to a significant ammonia fertilizer loss (41.9 ± 4.8%) at the rate of 3.53 ± 0.55 mg N kg-1 day-1 in agricultural soils around the world. The contribution of comammox to ammonia fertilizer loss, occurring mainly in surface agricultural soil profiles (0-0.2 m), was equivalent to that of bacterial ammonia oxidation (48.6 ± 4.5%); both processes were significantly more important than archaeal ammonia oxidation (9.5 ± 3.6%). In contrast, comammox produced less N2 O (0.98 ± 0.44 μg N kg-1 day-1 , 11.7 ± 3.1%), comparable to that produced by archaeal ammonia oxidation (16.4 ± 4.4%) but significantly lower than that of bacterial ammonia oxidation (72.0 ± 5.1%). The efficiency of ammonia conversion to N2 O by comammox (0.02 ± 0.01%) was evidently lower than that of bacterial (0.24 ± 0.06%) and archaeal (0.16 ± 0.04%) ammonia oxidation. The comammox rate increased with increasing soil pH values, which is the only physicochemical characteristic that significantly influenced both comammox bacterial abundance and rates. Ammonia fertilizer loss, dominated by comammox and bacterial ammonia oxidation, was more intense in soils with pH >6.5 than in soils with pH <6.5. Our results revealed that comammox plays a vital role in ammonia fertilizer loss and sustainable development in agroecosystems that have been previously overlooked for a long term.