To understand the dynamics that limit use of risk-management options by women at high risk of breast cancer, there is a critical need for research that focuses on patient perspectives. Prior research has left important gaps: exclusion of high-risk women not in risk-related clinical care, exclusion of non-white populations, and lack of attention to the decision-making processes that underlie risk-management choices. Our objective was to create a more inclusive dataset to facilitate research to address disparities related to decision making for breast cancer risk management.
The Daughter Sister Mother Project survey collects comprehensive information about the experiences of women at high risk of breast cancer. We collected novel measures of feelings about and reactions to cancer screenings; knowledge, barriers, and facilitators of risk-management options; beliefs related to cancer risk and risk management; and involvement with loved ones who had cancer. Eligible individuals were non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic Black adult women who self-identified as having high risk of breast cancer and had no personal history of cancer. Between October 2018 and August 2019, 1053 respondents completed the online survey. Of these, 717 were confirmed through risk prediction modeling to have a lifetime breast cancer risk of ≥ 20%. Sociodemographic characteristics of this sample were compared to those of nationally representative samples of the US population: the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey and the Pew Research Center report: Jewish Americans in 2020.
The sample of 717 women at objectively high risk of breast cancer was largely (95%) recruited from non-clinical sources. Of these respondents, only 31% had seen a genetic counselor, 34% had had genetic testing specific to breast cancer risk, and 35% had seen at least one breast or cancer care specialist. The sample includes 35% Black respondents and 8% with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Although encompassing a substantial range of ages, incomes, and education levels, respondents are overall somewhat younger, higher-income, and more educated than the US population as a whole.
The DSM dataset offers comprehensive data from a community-based, diverse sample of women at high risk of breast cancer. The dataset includes substantial proportions of Black and Ashkenazi Jewish women and women who are not already in clinical care related to their breast cancer risk. This sample will facilitate future studies of risk-management behaviors among women who are and are not receiving high-risk care, and of variations in risk-management experiences across race and ethnicity.

UNASSIGNED: The objectives of this study were to examine the psychometric properties of the Uncertainty Stress Scale (USS) and to compare the usefulness of two versions of the scale (USS-4 and USS-10) among a large community-based sample of Chinese adults.
UNASSIGNED: The Uncertainty Stress Scale was validated in 904 community residents (mean age: 32.71 ± 10.99; male: 41.7%) through an online survey conducted in February 2020. Psychometric properties of reliability (Cronbach\'s alpha), construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and criterion validity (correlation and ROC curve analyses) were evaluated using established benchmarks. To validate the USS, we used the Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS). In addition, sensitivity, specificity, and suitable cutoff values of the two versions of USS were determined.
UNASSIGNED: Both versions of the USS had high internal consistency (USS-10: 0.941; USS-4: 0.851). Confirmatory factor analyses supported a one-factor structure for both measures. Both USS-4 and USS-10 scores were significantly positively correlated with CPSS scores, indicating acceptable criterion validity.
UNASSIGNED: The findings of the current study confirmed that the psychometric properties of two Chinese versions of USS are acceptable. Furthermore, the 4-item USS was as effective as the 10-item USS for the measurement of uncertainty stress in our community-based sample of Chinese adults suggesting that the USS-4 is a time-efficient alternative to the USS-10 which can be used when the circumstances require a time-efficient instrument (eg, in epidemiological studies with a large test battery).

Biomass fuel use for cooking is widespread in low to middle income countries. Studies on the association between biomass fuel use and cognitive abilities in children are limited.
To examine the association between biomass fuel use for cooking and cognitive abilities in Nepalese children at 4 years of age.
In a cohort design we have information on biomass fuel use in the households of 533 children in infancy and cognitive abilities when they were 4 years old from a community-based sample. Cognitive abilities were measured by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 4th edition (WPPSI-IV) and the NEPSY-II. We examined the associations between biomass fuel use and scores on the WPPSI-IV Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) (primary outcome), and WPPSI index and NEPSY-II subtest scores in multiple linear regression models. The associations were also examined in predefined subgroups.
Ninety-nine (18.6%) of the families used biomass fuel for cooking. Children in these families had lower mean FSIQ than children in families with no biomass use (83.3 (95%CI 81.7, 85.0) vs. 85.3 (95%CI 84.5, 86.0)), with a mean difference of -2.2 (95%CI -3.9, -0.5) adjusting for demographics and socio-economic status. The association between biomass fuel use and cognitive abilities was strongest in subgroups of children from households with more than three rooms, with separate kitchen and bedroom, and with higher wealth-score. These interactions were significant for number of rooms in the home (p = 0.04), if the household had separate bedroom and kitchen (p = 0.05), and for the wealth-score (p = 0.03).
Biomass fuel use for cooking in Nepalese families was associated with lower overall cognitive abilities at 4 years. Uncertainties include exposure misclassification and unmeasured confounding. The associations between biomass fuel use and neurodevelopment in children needs further investigation with more precise measurements of the exposure.

There is limited evidence on sarcopenia in Asian populations. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence, associated factors, and the magnitude of association with mortality and incident disability for sarcopenia and combinations of its components among Japanese community-dwelling older adults.
We conducted a 5.8 year prospective study of 1851 Japanese residents aged 65 years or older (50.5% women; mean age 72.0 ± 5.9) who participated in health check-ups. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 algorithm. Appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) was measured using direct segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify associations of sarcopenia and the combinations of its components with all-cause mortality and incident disability.
The prevalence of sarcopenia was 11.5% (105/917) in men and 16.7% (156/934) in women. Significant sarcopenia-related factors other than ageing were hypoalbuminaemia, cognitive impairment, low activity, and recent hospitalization (all P-values <0.05) among men and cognitive impairment (P = 0.004) and depressed mood (P < 0.001) among women. Individuals with sarcopenia had higher risks of mortality [hazard ratios (95% confidence interval): 2.0 (1.2-3.5) in men and 2.3 (1.1-4.9) in women] and incident disability [1.6 (1.0-2.7) in men and 1.7 (1.1-2.7) in women]. Compared with the individuals without any sarcopenia components, those having low grip strength and/or slow gait speed without low ALMI tended to have an increased risk of disability [1.4 (1.0-2.0), P = 0.087], but not mortality [1.3 (0.8-2.2)]. We did not find increased risks of these outcomes in participants having low ALMI in the absence of low grip strength and slow gait speed [1.2 (0.8-1.9) for mortality and 0.9 (0.6-1.3) for incident disability].
Japanese older men and women meeting Asian criteria of sarcopenia had increased risks of all-cause mortality and disability. There were no significant increased risks of death or incident disability for both participants with muscle weakness and/or low performance without low muscle mass and those with low muscle mass with neither muscle weakness nor low performance. Further studies are needed to examine the interaction between muscle loss, muscle weakness, and low performance for adverse health-related outcomes.

Short screenings for alcohol use disorder (AUD) are crucial for public health purposes, but current self-reported measures have several pitfalls and may be unreliable. The main aim of our study was to provide empirical evidence on the psychometric performance of self-reports currently used. Our research questions were: compared with a gold standard clinical interview, how accurate are (1) self-reported AUD, (2) self-reported alcohol use over time and (3) biomarkers of alcohol use among Swiss men? Finally, we aimed to identify an alternative screening tool.
A single-center study with a cross-sectional design and a stratified sample selection.
Lausanne University Hospital (Switzerland) from October 2017 to June 2018.
We selected participants from the French-speaking participants of the ongoing Cohort Study on Substance Use and Risk Factors (n = 233). The sample included young men aged on average 27.0 years.
We used the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies as the gold standard for DSM-5 AUD. The self-reported measures included 11 criteria for AUD, nine alcohol-related consequences, and previous 12 months\' alcohol use. We also assessed biomarkers of chronic excessive drinking (ethyl glucuronide and phosphatidylethanol).
None of the self-reported measures/biomarkers taken alone displayed both sensitivity and specificity close to 100% with respect to the gold standard (e.g. self-reported AUD: sensitivity = 92.3%, specificity = 45.8%). The best model combined eight self-reported criteria of AUD and four alcohol-related consequences. Using a cut-off of three, this screening tool yielded acceptable sensitivity (83.3%) and specificity (78.7%).
Neither self-reported alcohol use disorder nor heavy alcohol use appear to be adequate to screen for alcohol use disorder among young men from the Swiss population. The best screening alternative for alcohol use disorder among young Swiss men appears to be a combination of eight symptoms of alcohol use disorder and four alcohol-related consequences.

Research links interpersonal violence (IPV) perpetrated by a close personal contact, such as a family member or partner, to poor mental health; however, few studies assess associations by gender and explore the community-wide impacts of IPV on rates of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Using Sinai Community Health Survey (2015-2016), a face-to-face probability survey in 10 Chicago neighborhoods, we examined the association of a broad IPV measure, ever being emotionally or physically abused by a partner or someone important to you, with current depressive (DEPsym) or PTSD symptoms (PTSDsym), stratified by gender. After logistic regression model building, we used direct model-based standardization to calculate adjusted relative prevalence and population attributable prevalence fractions. Of 1,535 respondents, 8% of men and 15% of women had DEPsym; 15% and 20% had PTSDsym, respectively; and 12% and 26% ever experienced IPV, respectively. Controlling for confounders, men who experienced IPV had a 3.6 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.5, 6.8]) higher prevalence of DEPsym and a 2.5 times (95% CI: [1.3, 4.9]) higher prevalence of PTSDsym. Women who experienced IPV had a 2.2 times (95% CI: [1.1, 3.9]) higher prevalence of DEPsym. If the association between IPV and mental health is causal, almost one in three cases of DEPsym (males: 31.7%; females: 27.3%) and one in five cases of PTSDsym (19.2%) among males may be attributed to IPV. Our findings underscore the need for a public health response to IPV and mental health, and additional research on evidence-driven practices that address this association among men and women.

Prior research suggests that telomere length is a biomarker of cognitive aging; however, literature has demonstrated conflicting findings to date. The present study uses data from the Dallas Heart Study, N = 2606, to assess the association between telomere length and cognitive ability on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The data do not support a relationship between telomere length and general cognitive functioning, (β = 0.016, SE = 0.31, p = 0.407). The data further replicate the negative findings within current literature.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical significance of coronary artery calcification (CAC) is not fully determined in general East Asian populations where background coronary heart disease (CHD) is less common than in USA/Western countries. We cross-sectionally assessed the association between CAC and estimated CHD risk as well as each major risk factor in general Japanese men.
METHODS: Participants were 996 randomly selected Japanese men aged 40-79 y, free of stroke, myocardial infarction, or revascularization. We examined an independent relationship between each risk factor used in prediction models and CAC score ≥100 by logistic regression. We then divided the participants into quintiles of estimated CHD risk per prediction model to calculate odds ratio of having CAC score ≥100. Receiver operating characteristic curve and c-index were used to examine discriminative ability of prevalent CAC for each prediction model.
RESULTS: Age, smoking status, and systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with CAC score ≥100 in the multivariable analysis. The odds of having CAC score ≥100 were higher for those in higher quintiles in all prediction models (p-values for trend across quintiles ＜0.0001 for all models). All prediction models showed fair and similar discriminative abilities to detect CAC score ≥100, with similar c-statistics (around 0.70).
CONCLUSIONS: In a community-based sample of Japanese men free of CHD and stroke, CAC score ≥100 was significantly associated with higher estimated CHD risk by prediction models. This finding supports the potential utility of CAC as a biomarker for CHD in a general Japanese male population.

Background and aims(s): The study evaluated the contribution of coping strategies, based on the Toulousiane conceptualization of coping, to the prediction of suicide risk and tested the moderating effect of gender, controlling for depressive symptoms.
METHODS: A two-time data collection design was used. A community sample of 195 adults (91 men and 104 women) ranging in age from 19 to 65 years and living in several Portuguese regions, mostly in Alentejo, participated in this research.
RESULTS: Gender, depressive symptoms, control, and withdrawal and conversion significantly predicted suicide risk and gender interacted with control, withdrawal and conversion, and social distraction in the prediction of suicide risk. Coping predicted suicide risk only for women.
CONCLUSIONS: Results have important implications for assessment and intervention with suicide at-risk individuals. In particular,the evaluation and development of coping skills is indicated as a goal for therapists having suicide at-risk women as clients.

BACKGROUND: Studies reporting comorbidities of eating disorders (EDs) with depression and anxiety disorders during adolescence used clinical samples of female adolescents with few attempts to present the magnitude of these associations in population-based samples and to assess gender differences in the strength of these associations.
OBJECTIVE: This study assesses significant gender differences in the association of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) symptoms with depression and generalized anxiety symptoms in a community sample of adolescents.
METHODS: We collected anonymous self-reported data from 235 adolescent boys and 471 adolescent girls, through an online platform. To identify correlations between symptoms of AN and BN, and symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety, we used the Mann-Whitney U test. To identify differences between independent correlation coefficients, we converted each correlation coefficient into a z-score using Fisher\'s r-to-z transformation and, making use of the sample size employed to obtain each coefficient, we compared the z-scores.
RESULTS: The magnitude of the associations between EDs symptomatology and depression and anxiety symptomatology was similar in adolescent boys and girls.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results show an urgent need to address EDs prevention in adolescent girls and boys from the community.