Patient- and disease-focused clinical teaching is considered the cornerstone of medical education. Current clinical teaching is increasingly taking place in outpatient settings, but this can cause discomfort to patients. Although many professional organizations have developed a set of ethical considerations in response to this issue to use these considerations to guide clinics in their outpatient procedures, these guidelines are not well adhered to in outpatient practice. My experience as an eczema patient in a dermatology outpatient is good evidence of this. In my opinion, there is nothing inherently wrong with the pedagogy of medical students observing clinical interactions in outpatient settings; the real problem lies in not informing the patient of the medical student\'s presence or allowing the patient to exercise his or her right of refusal. Therefore, the following recommendations are made: First, academic medical centers should provide regular training to doctors and medical students to ensure that they are fully aware of what is contained in the ethical guidelines established by the professional organizations and that they recognize the importance of adhering to these guidelines in clinical practice. Second, each clinical teaching activity should have the informed consent of the patient and be based on the patient\'s wishes. Finally, it is recommended that hospitals establish appropriate evaluation mechanisms to assess doctors\' compliance with the ethical guidelines and provide continuing education and training for doctors and medical students who fail to comply.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a modified version of the Self-Efficacy in Clinical Teaching Scale with a sample of undergraduate nursing students.
BACKGROUND: Enhancing nursing students\' self-efficacy in clinical teaching is important for developing their clinical teaching capabilities, which ultimately contributes to safe quality healthcare. Little is known about nursing students\' self-efficacy in clinical teaching, potentially due to a lack of validated instruments to measure their self-efficacy in clinical teaching.
METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional survey design.
METHODS: In 2022, a convenience sample of Year 2 and Year 3 nursing students in an Australian Bachelor of Nursing Program completed the modified Self-Efficacy in Clinical Teaching Scale. The scale\'s construct validity was assessed using known-group measures (year level and peer teaching experience) and confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was established through correlation with a visual analogue scale and reliability was tested with Cronbach\'s alpha.
RESULTS: Three hundred and nineteen surveys were analysed. The mean total self-efficacy in clinical teaching score for Year 2 participants was significantly lower than that of Year 3 participants (mean difference = -11.13, 95 % CI [-16.33, -5.93]). Participants with peer teaching experience had a significantly higher mean total score compared with those without peer teaching experience (mean difference = 15.32, 95 % CI [8.74, 21.91]). The scale\'s relative chi-square test was acceptable (CMIN/df = 4.69); other fit indices were within or just outside acceptable parameters (RMSEA =.11; SRMR =.039; NFI =.89; RFI =.88; IFI =.91; TLI =.90; CFI =.91). There was a strong correlation between participants\' total self-efficacy in clinical teaching scores and their visual analogue scale scores (r =.83, n = 314, p <.001 [two-tailed]). Cronbach\'s alpha for the total scale was .98.
CONCLUSIONS: The modified Self-Efficacy in Clinical Teaching Scale was sensitive to student year level and peer teaching experience. When subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, the scale\'s model was an acceptable fit across several indices. These findings support an argument for the scale\'s construct validity. Total self-efficacy scores were strongly correlated with visual analogue scales, suggesting concurrent validity. Using Cronbach\'s alpha, the scale was found to be reliable, however may benefit from a reduction of item numbers. The modified Self-Efficacy in Clinical Teaching Scale may support future investigations of undergraduate nursing students\' self-efficacy in clinical teaching and contribute to an understanding of health professional students\' self-efficacy in clinical teaching across disciplines.

Debriefing is a specific type of reflective learning. Debriefing follows an experience, with the goal of taking meaningful learning away from the experience. It is often used following a simulation-based educational experience but the same techniques can be used following actual clinical care. Early studies in simulation suggest that learning does not occur in simulation-based education in the absence of debriefing. There are phases of a debriefing discussion and specific conversational strategies that are used to engage learners and provoke engaging learning discussions. Standards of practice call for facilitators with specialized training and a debriefing method that is theory based.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate effect of a video feedback approach in clinical teaching of gastroenterology for nursing students.
METHODS: In this study, we selected 100 eligible student interns who meet the enrollment criteria from The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University from March 2021 to March 2023. According to their personal choices, 50 interns were assigned to a control group (traditional teaching methods), while the other 50 interns were assigned to an observation group (video feedback methods). We compared theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and comprehensive ward-round abilities between the two groups, as well as doing an evaluation of teaching behaviors of the supervising teachers at the end of the clinical internship.
RESULTS: The observation group significantly outperformed the control group in theoretical and practical assessments (P<0.05). The observation group also scored higher in nursing inquiry, examination, diagnosis, interventions, health consultation, humanistic care, organizational effectiveness, and overall evaluation (P<0.05). In addition, the total score of critical thinking (267.24±16.87 points) and scores of the individual dimensions in the observation group were higher than those of the control group (257.64±13.84 points), (P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The video feedback method can effectively improve the theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and overall ward-round performance of students in clinical nursing interns in the field of gastroenterology. Additionally, this approach can standardize teaching behaviors and enhance student satisfaction.

UNASSIGNED: Simulation is a new pedagogical method in Africa that underscores the need to operationalize it and generate context-specific scholarship regarding clinical simulation in Africa. Despite the superior learning outcomes of using simulation in medical education, its use in developing countries is often limited, compounded by limited scholarship on simulation especially relevant to an African context. The research aimed to explore perceptions surrounding the use of simulation among undergraduate students.
UNASSIGNED: A mixed method convergent parallel design was used in which both the quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed currently to explore the perception of the undergraduate students towards the use of clinical simulation in teaching and learning. The quantitative approach assessed the perception of the students on a five-point Likert from strongly disagree to strongly agree scale while the qualitative approach employed a focused group discussion to explore the perception of the students in regards to clinical simulation. Quantitative data was analyzed using Stata Version 17. Qualitative results were analyzed through thematic analysis by Brauna and Clark.
UNASSIGNED: 298 participants were recruited into the study. The mean age of the participants was 27 years with a standard deviation of 5.81 years. The majority 152(51.01%) of the participants were males. Most 111(37.25%) of the participants were pursuing Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. The grand mean of the perception scores of the students towards the use of simulation in clinical teaching was 3.875269 ±0.5281626. The participants strongly agreed that it is incredibly helpful to have someone who works in the field debrief with them after completing a scenario and their overall perception towards this was high (Mean =4.65241±0.6617337).
UNASSIGNED: This exploratory study revealed that medical, nursing, and midwifery students from the rural Universities of Busitema and Lira demonstrated a positive perception of the use of clinical simulation in teaching and learning. The results conclude that simulations help students better understand concepts in clinical settings, provide them with valuable learning experiences, and help them stimulate critical thinking abilities. Further, the participants perceive simulation to be realistic, and knowledge gained could be transferred to the clinical areas.

UNASSIGNED: The study explored factors influencing implementation of simulation-based education (SBE) in nursing and midwifery education in Malawi.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to identify factors influencing nursing and midwifery educators in selected training institutions and clinical sites.
UNASSIGNED: The study covered one district and four central hospitals, five professional training institutions, Ministry of Health and Nurses and Midwives Council of Malawi officials.
UNASSIGNED: Using mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were gathered from 293 participants, including 149 final-year nursing and midwifery students, and 144 clinical instructors. Qualitative data were obtained from 24 faculty members, 11 clinical instructors and two key informants. Researchers conducted 37 in-depth interviews, 10 focus group discussions and eight desk reviews. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data, while content analysis was used for qualitative findings.
UNASSIGNED: Five themes emerged from qualitative data: absence of simulation in regulatory body syllabi, insufficient formal training, demand for knowledgeable clinical instructors, inadequate human and material resources, and resistance to change. Survey results indicated that 83% of the participants had theoretical SBE knowledge but lacked practical skills, with only 13% considering SBE as a current teaching method. Educators emphasised lack of infrastructure, skills laboratories, teaching hospitals, equipment, and a deficit in formal training as critical barriers to SBE implementation.
UNASSIGNED: The study concluded that skilled educators, appropriate infrastructure and resources could facilitate SBE implementation in Malawi.
UNASSIGNED: Recommendations included regulatory body support, formal training for educators, utilisation of low-fidelity simulators, and establishment of SBE centres and corners in health facilities.

Workplace-based evaluation is one of the most important, but challenging aspects of medical education. The aim was to improve the assessment of the rural community-based clinical training for undergraduate 3rd and 4th year family medicine students at the University of Namibia (UNAM) and implement a paperless process. An online module was developed on the Moodle platform to include a study guide, an electronic portfolio, and electronic resources (e-books and apps) to replace the current paper version of the logbook. We explored local resources by engaging with students and clinical trainers on how to best conduct the initial implementation. Engagement also entailed motivating students to actively participate in the implementation process. All 3rd and 4th year community-based education end service (COBES) students are now submitting proof of clinical learning electronically with the use of their phones in their online portfolio and using online resources. In addition, students in the practical family medicine module that has been introduced in the 6th year since 2023 are now also using an electronic portfolio and these assessment tools.Contribution: Overall feedback from students and supervisors indicates a positive atmosphere of learning and constructive feedback on performance from all team members, hopefully improving work-based assessments and ultimately patient care. More members of the primary health care team were involved and the carbon footprint has also been decreased.

Objectives This cross-sectional analytical study aims to evaluate medical students\' awareness and satisfaction regarding the utilization of simulation-based learning (SBL) as a method for clinical teaching at King Saud University (KSU) over the past 12 months. It seeks to understand how such learning methods enhance students\' self-satisfaction and clinical skills, facilitate the application of learned knowledge, and assess the role of instructors in providing ample practice opportunities in the skills laboratory. Furthermore, the study aims to assess the satisfaction levels of students in both preclinical and clinical years regarding the time allocated for skills laboratory sessions and the integration of high-fidelity technology in simulation-based training programs at KSU. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 306 male and female medical students from the College of Medicine at KSU participated, comprising 196 preclinical students (first, second, and third years) and 110 clinical students (fourth and fifth years). Quantitative data was collected through a structured questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale that showed degrees of satisfaction. The satisfaction was measured based on a 5-point Likert scale that shows the degree of satisfaction from (very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neither dissatisfied nor satisfied, satisfied, and very satisfied), and we calculated the p-value based on an independent t-test, and the percentage represented the percentage of students who chose satisfied and very satisfied. Results The results showed overall satisfaction with SBL (mean: 3.98, 71.10%), and it was recognized as a useful and effective method of learning skills. It is reported that it helped the students implement what they learned. At the same time, lower satisfaction was identified in areas with less allocated time for skill labs. Moreover, lack of accessibility and lack of trained staff were reported, and they should be addressed by providing staff with proper training. Conclusion The results of the study will help to understand how students\' learning needs should be addressed. Moreover, providing simulation-based training is a pathway compliant with the best educational standards that should be adapted according to each institution\'s singularities. Besides offering further results, the study presents suggestions for further research.

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