进行性核上性麻痹(PSP)是一种神经退行性疾病,其特征是4R-tau蛋白聚集体在各个大脑区域积累。PSP导致神经元丢失,胶质增生,和tau阳性夹杂物,如神经原纤维缠结,簇状星形胶质细胞,和盘绕的身体。这些病理变化主要影响脑干和基底节,导致独特的MRI特征,如蜂鸟和牵牛花标志。PSP显示临床异质性,表现为不同的表型,其中最经典的是理查森综合征(PSP-RS)。受累区域和萎缩扩散方式可以进一步区分PSP的亚型。PSP患者会出现各种体征和症状,比如姿势不稳定,核上眼肌麻痹,低振幅快速手指敲击,和不规则的睡眠模式。PSP最常见的症状是姿势不稳,falls,垂直凝视麻痹,运动迟缓,和认知障碍。这些特征通常与帕金森病(PD)和其他帕金森病综合征的特征重叠,使诊断具有挑战性。PSP是一个重要的临床课题的研究,因为它是一种毁灭性的和不可治愈的疾病。然而,关于其病理生理学的知识仍然存在许多空白,诊断,和治疗。几项临床试验正在进行中,以测试以各种方式针对tau的新型疗法,例如调节其翻译后修饰,稳定其与微管的相互作用,或通过免疫疗法增强其清除能力。这些方法可能为减缓PSP的进展提供新的希望。在这次审查中,我们的目标是提供有关PSP的当前知识的概述,从发病机理到管理。我们还讨论了PSP研究的最新进展和未来方向。
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of 4R-tau protein aggregates in various brain regions. PSP leads to neuronal loss, gliosis, and tau-positive inclusions, such as neurofibrillary tangles, tufted astrocytes, and coiled bodies. These pathological changes mainly affect the brainstem and the basal ganglia, resulting in distinctive MRI features, such as the hummingbird and morning glory signs. PSP shows clinical heterogeneity and presents as different phenotypes, the most classical of which is Richardson\'s syndrome (PSP-RS). The region of involvement and the mode of atrophy spread can further distinguish subtypes of PSP. PSP patients can experience various signs and symptoms, such as postural instability, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, low amplitude fast finger tapping, and irregular sleep patterns. The most common symptoms of PSP are postural instability, falls, vertical gaze palsy, bradykinesia, and cognitive impairment. These features often overlap with those of Parkinson\'s disease (PD) and other Parkinsonian syndromes, making the diagnosis challenging. PSP is an essential clinical topic to research because it is a devastating and incurable disease. However, there are still many gaps in knowledge about its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Several clinical trials are underway to test noveltherapies that target tau in various ways, such as modulating its post-translational modifications, stabilizing its interaction with microtubules, or enhancing its clearance by immunotherapy. These approaches may offer new hope for slowing down the progression of PSP. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current knowledge on PSP, from its pathogenesis to its management. We also discuss the latest advances and future directions in PSP research.