Coronary perforation (CP) poses a significant risk of morbidity and mortality, particularly, in patients with a history of cardiac surgery. The occurrence of loculated pericardial effusion presents distinctive challenges in these postcardiac surgical patients. This study delves into the complexities arising from the formation of loculated pericardial effusions subsequent to CP, with a specific focus on the loculated effusion in the posterior wall leading to left atrial compression syndrome. This analysis is dedicated to elucidating pathophysiology diagnostic and treatment strategies tailored for addressing left atrium compression syndrome, providing invaluable insights into the intricacies of diagnosing, treating, and managing this entity in the postcardiac surgical patient.

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Dual-lumen microcatheters (DLMC) are utilized in challenging wiring scenarios as well as for contrast and medication injections. Nonetheless, lesion characterization remains extremely challenging in many cases. We describe a DLMC-facilitated technique which can assist in locating the distal anastomosis while navigating an occluded bypass graft during retrograde chronic total occlusion recanalization, as well as in the differential diagnosis of abrupt vessel closure. This \"DLMC Pullback Injection\" technique is performed by injecting contrast through the over-the-wire port of the DLMC, while the latter is quickly pulled back across the region of interest in a dynamic fashion. We believe this technique has the potential to solve challenging scenarios and to enrich the complex percutaneous coronary intervention operator\'s armamentarium.

UNASSIGNED: Treatment of chronic total occlusions (CTOs) is referred to as the last frontier of percutaneous coronary interventions and is currently performed in 10% to 20% of procedures. Improved outcomes with newer generation drug-eluting stents require further research.
UNASSIGNED: The TARGET CTO trial (NCT03040934) is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial that plans to randomize 196 subjects (1:1) to either a newer-generation sirolimus target-eluting stent or an everolimus-eluting stent. Patients are candidates if they present with at least 1 CTO lesion in a native coronary artery with a diameter of ≥2.50 mm to ≤4.00 mm and a length of <100 mm. In addition, 44 subjects will participate in an optical coherence tomography (OCT) substudy. Clinical follow-up is planned up to 5 years after stent implantation. Angiographic follow-up is planned at 12 months, whereas OCT will be obtained after the procedure, at 3 and 12 months. The primary end point is in-stent late lumen loss by quantitative coronary angiography at 12 months. The key secondary end point is neointimal thickness by OCT at 3 months. Imaging end points are assessed by an independent core lab. Clinical end points are adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee.
UNASSIGNED: The TARGET CTO trial compares a sirolimus target-eluting stent with an everolimus-eluting stent for management of CTOs according to contemporary interventional practices. The primary angiographic end points will be reported at 12 months and clinical follow-up will continue for up to 5 years.

UNASSIGNED: There has been increasing use of transradial access (TRA) for non-chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There are limited data on TRA for CTO PCI. The objectives of this study were to assess the temporal trends in the use of TRA versus transfemoral access (TFA), identify procedural and lesion characteristics associated with the use of TRA and TFA, and evaluate the association of access site with procedural complications and technical success among veterans undergoing attempted CTO PCI.
UNASSIGNED: We performed a retrospective analysis of veteran patients who underwent attempted CTO PCI to compare outcomes between TRA and TFA. Patients who had undergone attempted PCI of at least 1 CTO were included. Propensity score matching was used to evaluate the composite primary outcome of major procedural complications, in-hospital bleeding, or 30-day mortality and the secondary outcome of procedural success.
UNASSIGNED: In total, 4609 patients underwent attempted CTO PCI during 2010-2017. Rates of TRA for CTO PCI increased significantly, from 7% in 2010 to 38% in 2017 (P trend < .01). A greater percentage of CTO lesions in the TFA group was calcified and >20.0 mm in length. TRA was not associated with a reduction in the composite primary outcome (TRA 3.3% vs TFA 4.0%, P = .47) or procedural success (TRA 66.6% vs TFA 65.7%, P = .74) compared with TFA.
UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective analysis of patients who underwent attempted CTO PCI, the proportion of TRA for CTO PCI has increased over time but was not associated with a greater safety or procedural success than TFA.

UNASSIGNED: Chronic total occlusion (CTO) remains the most complex anatomical subset of lesions in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), often requiring advanced techniques and technologies, including the use of microcatheters.
UNASSIGNED: The BIOMICS study is a premarket first-in-human prospective, multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial investigating the safety and efficacy of a novel coronary microcatheter (BioMC, Biosensors International) in 100 patients with symptoms of ischemia undergoing elective CTO-PCI. The primary efficacy end point of the study was device success defined according to the CTO-ARC (Chronic Total Occlusion Academic Research Consortium) criteria namely the ability of the microcatheter to successfully facilitate placement of a guide wire beyond the occluded coronary segment. The primary safety end point was the incidence of in-hospital cardiac death or myocardial infarction at hospital discharge.
UNASSIGNED: Hundred patients were recruited between March 2022 and January 2023. The primary efficacy end point was achieved in 75% of patients (95% CI, 65.3%-83.1%; P < .0001 for superiority compared to the prespecified performance goal of 54%). The primary safety end point of in-hospital cardiac death or myocardial infarction was observed in 2% of the patients. There were no study device-related coronary perforations or device failures.
UNASSIGNED: The use of a novel coronary microcatheter during CTO-PCI was associated with a high device success and an excellent safety profile.

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UNASSIGNED: Chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) represent 4% of all PCIs for stable angina in the United States and have been associated with lower success and higher in-hospital event rates compared with non-CTO PCIs. We aimed to examine long-term outcomes of CTO PCI compared with non-CTO PCI, including prespecified subgroups of high-risk non-CTO PCI (atherectomy/saphenous vein graft/unprotected left main).
UNASSIGNED: Among 551,722 patients in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI Registry linked to Medicare (July 2009-December 2016), we evaluated in-hospital events and long-term major adverse cardiovascular events of CTO PCIs (N = 29,407) compared with non-CTO PCIs (N = 522,315). We then evaluated similar outcomes between CTO PCIs and high-risk non-CTO PCIs (N = 53,662). We excluded patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
UNASSIGNED: Patients undergoing CTO PCI were more likely to be younger and male. CTO PCI was associated with a higher risk of in-hospital events compared with non-CTO PCI (7.0% vs 4.2%; P < .001) and high-risk non-CTO PCI (7.0% vs 6.5%; P = .008). In addition, CTO PCI was associated with a slightly higher risk of long-term repeat revascularization compared with non-CTO PCI (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.13). However, compared with high-risk non-CTO PCIs, CTO PCIs were associated with a slightly lower risk of long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (aHR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.90) and readmission (aHR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.90).
UNASSIGNED: In this study, CTO PCI was associated with higher risk of both in-hospital and out-of-hospital events but a slightly lower risk of long-term events compared with high-risk non-CTO PCIs. These findings shed light on the complexity of various PCI procedures that can inform clinicians and patients of expected outcomes.