查尔酮及其衍生物由于其广泛的药理和生物活性而被广泛研究。如抗炎,抗菌,抗病毒,和抗肿瘤作用。这些化合物通过选择性靶向多种病毒酶显示出合适的抗病毒作用,包括乳酸脱氢酶,甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH),富马酸还原酶,蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶,拓扑异构酶-II,蛋白激酶,整合酶/蛋白酶,和乳酸/异柠檬酸脱氢酶,在其他人中。查尔酮及其衍生物在对抗病原菌和真菌方面显示出极好的潜力(特别是,多重耐药细菌)。然而,应进一步探索相关机制,专注于对DNA促旋酶B的抑制作用,UDP-N-乙酰葡糖胺烯醇丙酮酸转移酶(MurA),和外排泵(例如,诺拉),在其他人中。此外,这些化合物的抗真菌和抗寄生虫活性(例如,抗锥虫和抗利什曼原虫的特性)促使人们进行了进一步的探索。尽管如此,系统分析相关机制,生物安全问题,和药理特性,以及临床翻译研究,对实际应用至关重要。在这里,关于抗菌的最新进展,抗病毒,抗寄生虫,查尔酮及其衍生物的抗真菌活性被审议,着眼于相关的行动机制,关键挑战,和未来的前景。此外,由于这些有价值的化合物的绿色和更可持续的合成的重要性,特别是在工业规模上,简要讨论了这一领域取得的进展。希望,这篇综述可以作为研究人员更深入地探索和设计具有药用性质的新型查尔酮化合物的催化剂,特别是针对致病病毒和多重耐药细菌,这是人类健康关注的主要原因。
Chalcones and their derivatives have been widely studied due to their versatile pharmacological and biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor effects. These compounds have shown suitable antiviral effects through the selective targeting of a variety of viral enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), fumarate reductase, protein tyrosine phosphatase, topoisomerase-II, protein kinases, integrase/protease, and lactate/isocitrate dehydrogenase, among others. Chalcones and their derivatives have displayed excellent potential for combating pathogenic bacteria and fungi (especially, multidrug-resistant bacteria). However, relevant mechanisms should be further explored, focusing on inhibitory effects against DNA gyrase B, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA), and efflux pumps (e.g., NorA), among others. In addition, the antifungal and antiparasitic activities of these compounds (e.g., antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial properties) have prompted additional explorations. Nonetheless, systematic analysis of the relevant mechanisms, biosafety issues, and pharmacological properties, as well as clinical translation studies, are vital for practical applications. Herein, recent advancements pertaining to the antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, and antifungal activities of chalcones and their derivatives are deliberated, focusing on the relevant mechanisms of action, crucial challenges, and future prospects. Furthermore, due to the great importance of greener and more sustainable synthesis of these valuable compounds, especially on an industrial scale, the progress made in this field has been briefly discussed. Hopefully, this review can serve as a catalyst for researchers to delve deeper into the exploration and designing of novel chalcone compounds with medicinal properties, especially against pathogenic viruses and multidrug-resistant bacteria as major causes of concern for human health.