Objective:To investigate the clinical features, imaging findings, surgical methods， diagnostic and treatment experience of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea. Methods:The clinical data of 11 patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea treated surgically at our hospital from May 2018 to May 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The medical data included medical history, imaging data, leak location, surgical repair method, treatment effect and postoperative follow-up. Results:Among the 11 surgical patients, 4 patients were initially diagnosed with secretory otitis media, 1 was initially diagnosed with purulent otitis media, and 5 patients had a history of meningitis or presented because meningitis as the initial diagnosis. There were 2 cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage repaired through the ear canal pathway and 9 cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage repaired through the mastoid pathway. During the operation, leaks were located in the stapes floor plate in 4 cases, sinus meningeal angle in 1 case, posterior cranial fossa combined with middle cranial fossa in 1 case, middle cranial fossa in 4 cases, and labyrinthine segment of the internal auditory canal and facial nerve canal in 1 case. Ten patient was successfully repaired, and another patient developed intracranial hypertension after surgery, with symptoms alleviated by a lateral ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 6 months to 4 years, and there was no CSF otorrhoea and meningitis recurrence. Conclusion:The incidence of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea is low, the clinical symptoms are atypical, and the rate of delayed diagnosis or missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis is high. Surgery is currently the preferred treatment for spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea, and satisfactory results are usually achieved; During diagnosis and treatment, it is crucial to be vigilant for intracranial hypertension to prevent serious complications and irreversible damage.
目的：探讨自发性脑脊液耳漏的临床特点、影像学表现、手术方法及诊治经验。 方法：回顾性分析2018年5月至2023年5月手术治疗的11例自发性脑脊液耳漏患者的临床资料，包括既往病史，影像学资料、漏口位置、手术修补方法、治疗效果及术后随访情况等。 结果：11例手术患者，其中4例患者首诊为分泌性中耳炎，1例患者首诊为化脓性中耳炎，5例患者既往有脑膜炎病史或因脑膜炎为初次诊断而就诊；经耳道径路修补脑脊液漏2例，经乳突径路修补脑脊液漏9例；术中发现漏口位于镫骨底板4例，窦脑膜角1例，颅后窝合并颅中窝1例，颅中窝4例，内听道底及面神经管迷路段1例；10例患者1次修补成功，另1例患者术后出现颅内高压，最终行侧脑室腹腔分流术后症状解除。术后随访6个月～4年，无脑脊液耳漏及脑膜炎复发。 结论：自发性脑脊液耳漏发病率低，临床症状不典型，延迟诊断或漏诊误诊率高；手术是目前治疗自发性脑脊液耳漏首选方法，通常可以取得满意的效果；诊疗过程中要警惕并重视颅内高压的存在，防止发生严重并发症及不可逆损伤。.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the audiometric outcomes following surgical repair of spontaneous temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea and compare different surgical approaches.
METHODS: Retrospective review of adults (≥18 years old) who underwent repair of spontaneous CSF leak between 2011 and 2022. Audiometric outcomes were compared across the three surgical groups: transmastoid, middle cranial fossa and combined.
RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients (40 ears) met the inclusion criteria (71.8 % females; mean age 59.77 +/- 12.4). Forty-two percent underwent transmastoid, 12.5 % middle cranial fossa and 45 % transmastoid-middle cranial fossa. Four patients (10 %) had recurrence, 3 in the transmastoid group and 1 in the combined approach. The mean change in air-bone gap (ABG) for all patients (postoperative-preoperative) was -7.4 (paired t-test, p-value = 0.0003). The postoperative ABG was closed in 28 (70 %) ears (postoperative ABG ≤ 15). The mean change in pure tone average (PTA) for all patients (postoperative-preoperative) was -4.1 (paired t-test, p-value = 0.13). The mean change in word recognition scores (WRS) for all patients (postoperative-preoperative) was -3 (paired t-test, p-value = 0.35). On multivariable analysis (controlling for site and reconstruction material), there was no significant difference in ABG, PTA and WRS change between surgical groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Transmastoid, middle cranial fossa and combined approaches are all effective in treatment of spontaneous CSF leaks and all showed mean decrease in post-operative ABG. Transmastoid approach showed the greatest decrease in ABG and PTA (although middle cranial fossa approach shows the greatest decrease, when excluding profound hearing loss in a patient with superior canal dehiscence). Further studies comparing audiometric outcomes are needed.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the presentations, the diagnosis, our treatment approaches, and the outcomes for 11 patients with fallopian canal meningocele (FCM).
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective case series.
METHODS: Tertiary referral centers.
METHODS: Patients (N = 11) with radiographically or intraoperatively identified, symptomatic FCM.
METHODS: Surgical repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and meningocele versus observation.
METHODS: Presentation (including symptoms, radiographic imaging, and comorbidities), management (including surgical approach, technique for packing, use of lumbar drain), clinical outcomes (control of CSF leak, meningitis, facial nerve function), and revision surgery.
RESULTS: Patients presented with spontaneous CSF leak (n = 7), conductive (N = 11) and sensorineural hearing loss (n = 3), nonpositional intermittent vertigo (n = 3), headaches (n = 4), and recurrent meningitis (n = 1). Risk factors in our series included obesity (n = 4), Chiari 1 malformation (n = 1), and head trauma (n = 2). Noncontrast computed tomography of the temporal bone and magnetic resonance imaging were positive for FCM in 10 patients. Eight patients were managed surgically via a transmastoid approach (n = 4), combined transmastoid and middle fossa (N = 3), or middle fossa alone (n = 1); three were managed conservatively with observation. Postoperative complications included worsened facial nerve palsy (n = 1), recurrent meningitis (n = 1), and persistent CSF leak that necessitated revision (n = 1).
CONCLUSIONS: Facial nerve meningoceles are rare with variable presentation, often including CSF otorrhea. Management can be challenging and guided by symptomatology and comorbidities. Risk factors for FCM include obesity and head trauma, and Chiari 1 malformation may present with nonspecific otologic symptoms, in some cases, meningitis and facial palsy. Layered surgical repair leads to high rates of success; however, this may be complicated by worsening facial palsy.

BACKGROUND: Aspiration pneumonitis (AP) secondary to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is underestimated and rarely discussed. This study aimed to evaluate the association between AP and CSF leaks.
METHODS: Clinical and surgical characteristics of CSF leak patients with and without AP between January 2010 and December 2022 were included and compared.
RESULTS: This study included 159 patients, 16 with CSF otorrhea and 143 with CSF rhinorrhea. Among them, 40 (25.2%) had AP. Bilateral pneumonitis was identified in 32 cases, of which 11 showed severe pneumonitis in the right upper lung lobe. Twenty-one (52.5%) asymptomatic and 19 (47.5%) symptomatic cases were documented. The major clinical manifestations included cough (n = 19, 47.5%) and expectoration (n = 9, 22.5%). The prevalence of pneumonitis was significantly higher in the spontaneous group than in the traumatic group. High-flow CSF leak was associated with AP (42.5% vs. 16.8%, p = 0.001). No significant differences were identified in defect locations between patients with and without AP. Patients with pneumonitis had a higher prevalence of meningitis (32.5% vs. 12.6%, p = 0.003). Multiple logistic regression results revealed that meningitis, spontaneous and high-flow CSF leaks are independent factors for AP occurrence. Both the CSF leak and pulmonary complications resolved following successful surgical repair.
CONCLUSIONS: AP secondary to CSF leaks is frequently underdiagnosed, with a higher incidence identified in spontaneous cases. The occurrence of AP was associated with high-flow CSF leak.
CONCLUSIONS: A pneumonitis rate of 25.2% in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak patients was reported for the first time. A higher prevalence of aspiration pneumonitis was identified in spontaneous CSF leak. Meningitis, spontaneous and high-flow CSF leaks are independent factors for aspiration pneumonitis occurrence.

BACKGROUND: Beta-2 transferrin (B2-Tf) gel electrophoresis (GE) is the preferred non-invasive diagnostic modality for confirming cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in body fluids. While B2-Tf GE testing is highly sensitive and specific for CSF, false-positive (FP) and false-negative (FN) results can lead to diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Several series have demonstrated potential causes of false B2-Tf GE results, but few studies have reported reasons for these errors. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe sources of B2-Tf GE errors.
METHODS: A systematic review was performed by searching OVID, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for B2-Tf GE studies. After applying exclusion criteria, original research studies directly addressing erroneous B2-Tf GE results underwent qualitative analysis.
RESULTS: Of the 243 abstracts screened, 71 underwent full-text review and 18 studies reporting B2-Tf GE errors were included for analysis. There were 15 potential FPs, 12 actual FPs, 12 potential FNs, 19 actual FNs, and 14 indeterminate results. There were also 246 potentially indeterminate results from in vitro studies. Reasons for B2-Tf GE errors included serum transferrin alterations (n = 17; all potential), infection related (n = 13; 9 potential), orbital or salivary contamination (n = 2; 1 potential), and collection related (n = 255; 246 potential). There were 31 false or indeterminate results with unspecified reasons. There were no reported errors due to laboratory processing.
CONCLUSIONS: Multiple potential or actual reasons for false or indeterminate results have been reported for B2-Tf GE testing of rhinorrhea and otorrhea. Future studies should explore reasons for B2-Tf testing errors and how these may affect clinical decision making.

Background: This case series report aimed to present three surgical approaches used for the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea, providing less invasive surgical options for managing this condition. Methods: Clinical data of 26 patients with CSF otorrhea, who underwent treatment using three surgical methods between June 2012 and June 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. The study collected information on patients\' basic demographic characteristics, chief complaints, location of the defect, results of otorrhea endoscopic examination, findings from skull base thin-slice computed tomography (CT) examination, and causes of CSF otorrhea. Postoperative outcomes of CSF otorrhea were followed up. Results: Among the 26 cases of CSF otorrhea, there were 13 (50%) males and 13 (50%) females who underwent treatment using the three surgical methods. The etiology of CSF otorrhea included 10 (38%) cases of spontaneous CSF otorrhea, including 2 (8%) cases of congenital inner ear deformity and 8 (31%) cases without obvious inducement. Additionally, there were 5 (19%) cases of trauma, 6 (23%) cases of cholesteatoma complications, 3 (12%) cases of postoperative complications of brain tumor, 1 (4%) case of radiotherapy, and 1 (4%) case of a malignant tumor. A total of 12 (46%) cases of CSF otorrhea were treated by local repair of the defect. Furthermore, 3 (12%) cases underwent local repair of the defect combined with sealing of the tympanic sinus entrance, while 11 (42%) cases underwent local repair of the defect combined with sealing of the eustachian tube and the external auditory canal. No recurrence of CSF otorrhea was observed during the 6-month to 10-year follow-up period after surgery. Conclusion: The three methods for CSF otorrhea, including local defect repair, local defect repair combined with sealing of the tympanic sinus entrance, and sealing of the eustachian tube and the external auditory canal, demonstrated successful outcomes in appropriately selected patients.

UNASSIGNED: Symptoms induced by arachnoid cysts in the fallopian canal are uncommon, and facial nerve paralysis without cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea is comparatively rarer.
UNASSIGNED: Herein, we present two cases of arachnoid cysts in the fallopian canal with acute severe facial nerve paralysis and review the relevant literature.
UNASSIGNED: The symptoms and imaging findings of these two cases resembled those of facial nerve schwannomas. Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea occurred upon removal of the arachnoid cyst, and the facial nerve was observed to be separated into multiple filaments or compressed and atrophied. Facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis and decompression were conducted after packing the dehiscence of cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea for the two cases.
UNASSIGNED: Arachnoid cysts of the fallopian canal rarely cause facial nerve paralysis. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is vital for differentiating schwannomas. Different treatment strategies should be adopted for patients with different degrees of facial nerve paralysis; however, concurrent repair of cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea and facial nerves during surgery can occasionally be challenging.

Globally, traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability which affects more than 69 million individuals a year.
This study aimed to assess the outcome and associated factors of traumatic brain injury among adult patients treated in Amhara regional state comprehensive specialized hospitals.
Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 1, 2018, to December 30, 2020. A simple random sampling technique was used and a checklist was used to extract data between March 15 and April 15, 2021. The data were entered into Epi-data version 4.2 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis after being checked for consistency. Associated variables with outcomes of traumatic brain injury were determined by a binary logistic regression model. The degree of association was interpreted by using AOR and a 95% confidence interval with a p-value less than or equal to 0.05 at 95% CI was considered statistically significant.
In this study road traffic injury was the most frequent cause of traumatic brain injuries among adult patients, accounting for 181 (37.5%), followed by assault, accounting for 117 (24.2%) which affects adult age groups. One-third of the participant had a moderate Glasgow coma scale of 174(36%). Only 128(26.8%) patients arrived within one hour. One hundred sixty, 160 (33.1%) of patients had a mild traumatic brain injury, whereas, 149(36%) of patients had a severe traumatic brain injury. Regarding computerized tomography scans findings, the hematoma was the most common (n = 163, 33.7%). Ninety-one, 91(18.8%) of participants had cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea, and, 92(19%) were diagnosed with a positive battle sign. The overall prevalence of unfavorable outcomes after traumatic brain injury was found to be 35.2% (95%CI (30.8-39.1). Having additional Injury, hypoxia, time to hospital presentation after 24 h, severe Glasgow Coma Scale, moderate Glasgow Coma Scale, tachypnea, bradypnea, and cerebrospinal fluid Othorrhea, were factors associated with unfavorable outcomes.
In this study, the overall unfavorable outcome was experienced by about four out of every 10 victims of traumatic brain injury. Time of arrival > 24 h, low Glasgow coma scale, additional injury, Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea, abnormal respiration, and hypoxia were significant predictors of unfavorable outcomes. To reduce the adverse effects of traumatic brain injury in adults, it is therefore desirable to guarantee safe road traffic flow and improve health care services.

Objective: To explore the imaging evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea associated with inner ear malformation (IEM) in children. Methods: The clinical data of 28 children with CSF otorrhea associated with IEM confirmed by surgical exploration in Beijing Children\'s Hospital, from Nov, 2016 to Jan, 2021, were analyzed retrospectively,including 16 boys and 12 girls, aged from 8-month to 15-year and 8-month old, with a median age of 4-year old. The shapes of stapes were observed during the exploration surgery, and the imaging features of temporal bone high resolution CT(HRCT) and inner ear MRI pre- and post-operation were analyzed. Results: In 28 children with CSF otorrhea, 89.3%(25/28) had stapes footplates defect during exploration. Preoperative CT showed indirect signs such as IEM, tympanic membrane bulging, soft tissue in the tympanum and mastoid cavity. IEM included four kinds: incomplete partition type I (IP-Ⅰ), common cavity (CC), incomplete partition type Ⅱ (IP-Ⅱ), and cochlear aplasia (CA); 100%(28/28) presented with vestibule dilation; 85.7%(24/28) with a defect in the lamina cribrosa of the internal auditory canal. The direct diagnostic sign of CSF otorrrhea could be seen in 73.9%(17/23) pre-operative MRI: two T2-weighted hyperintense signals between vestibule and middle ear cavity were connected by slightly lower or mixed intense T2-weighted signals, and obvious in the coronal-plane; 100%(23/23) hyperintense T2-weighted signals in the tympanum connected with those in the Eustachian tube.In post-operative CT, the soft tissues in the tympanum and mastoid cavity decreased or disappeared as early as one week. In post-operative MRI, the hyperintense T2-weighted signals of tympanum and mastoid decreased or disappeared in 3 days to 1 month,soft tissues tamponade with moderate intense T2-weighted signal were seen in the vestibule in 1-4 months. Conclusions: IP-Ⅰ, CC, IP-Ⅱ and CA with dilated vestibule can lead to CSF otorrhea. Combined with special medical history, T2-weighted signal of inner ear MRI can provide diagnostic basie for most children with IEM and CSF otorrhea.HRCT and MRI of inner ear can also be used to evaluate the effect of surgery.
目的： 探讨儿童内耳畸形相关脑脊液耳漏的影像学特点。 方法： 回顾分析2016年11月至2021年1月年在北京儿童医院经手术探查确诊的28例内耳畸形相关脑脊液耳漏患儿的临床资料，其中男16例、女12例，年龄8个月~15岁8个月，中位年龄4岁。探查术中观察患儿镫骨形态，分析术前、术后颞骨CT和内耳MRI的影像学特点。 结果： 28例脑脊液耳漏患儿中89.3%（25/28）术中可见镫骨底板骨质缺损。术前颞骨CT显示内耳畸形、鼓膜膨隆、鼓室及乳突软组织影等间接征象；内耳畸形涉及四种耳蜗畸形：不完全分隔Ⅰ型（incomplete partition type Ⅰ，IP-Ⅰ）、共同腔畸形、不完全分隔Ⅱ型（incomplete partition type Ⅱ，IP-Ⅱ）和耳蜗未发育；100%（28/28）可见前庭扩大畸形；85.7%（24/28）内听道底板骨质缺损。术前内耳MRI检查T2加权像，73.9%（17/23）可见脑脊液耳漏的直接征象：内耳前庭与中耳鼓室两个T2片状高信号之间由点状略低或混杂T2信号相连，冠状位明显；100%（23/23）可见鼓室高T2信号与前、下方咽鼓管相延续的间接征象。填塞有效者，复查高分辨率CT：鼓室、乳突软组织影早至术后1周可减少或消失；复查核磁：术后3 d~1个月鼓室、乳突T2高信号影减少或消失，术后1~4个月前庭内可见中等T2信号软组织填塞影。 结论： 伴前庭扩大的IP-Ⅰ、共同腔畸形、IP-Ⅱ和耳蜗未发育四类内耳畸形可能会导致脑脊液耳漏。结合特殊病史，内耳MRI的T2加权像可为多数内耳畸形伴脑脊液耳漏患儿提供直接诊断依据。颞骨CT及内耳MRI也可用于脑脊液耳漏填塞手术的疗效评估。.

报告1例特纳综合征（Turner syndrome）伴脑膜脑膨出及脑脊液耳漏患者的诊疗经过。患者，女，17岁，10岁时确诊为特纳综合征，使用重组生长激素治疗，治疗的第4年开始反复出现右耳听力下降，考虑为“分泌性中耳炎”，多次鼓膜穿刺抽液治疗，抽液后听力可恢复正常。于我院行右耳鼓膜切开，见较多清亮液体流出，生化检查提示为脑脊液。颞骨CT见鼓室天盖骨质缺损，软组织膨出。遂行乳突切开、脑膜脑组织回纳及漏口修复术。术后听力恢复正常，无脑脊液耳漏发生。该病例提示儿科和耳鼻咽喉科医生应协作进行特纳综合征患者的治疗和随访，尤其在生长激素治疗过程中，应有意识地将耳健康监测纳入常规诊疗中。.