BACKGROUND: Cocaine use (CU) is prevalent in people with HIV (PWH). Both conditions are linked to changes in cognitive functioning and neural network topology. The current study utilizes graph theory to investigate functional connectomics associated with HIV and CU, focusing on disruption of densely connected nodes called hubs.
METHODS: Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from 206 adults (ages 22-55 years) were analyzed. A HIV x CU factorial design was implemented with participants in four groups: HIV+CU (n= 41), HIV only (n= 88), CU only (n= 36), and controls (n= 41). Functional connectomes were constructed, and thresholded graph metrics were calculated. Network centrality metrics - betweenness centrality (BC), participation coefficient (PC), and within module degree (WD) - were quantified into hub disruption indices (HDI). For each index, a 2×2 ANCOVA was performed controlling for education.
RESULTS: Participants were 68 % male and 74 % African-American with a mean age of 44.4 years. HIV and CU were associated with hub disruption in all three indices. Interactions were significant for HDI-PC and HDI-WD, such that HIV disease was associated with greater hub disruption among participants without CU, but not among participants with CU. Overall, lower global cognitive functioning was associated with greater hub disruption on all three indices.
CONCLUSIONS: Widespread hub disruption was evident in HIV disease and CU, highlighting topological reorganization in both diseases with neurocognitive effects. Hub-related measures inform functional connectivity disruptions in HIV disease and CU, particularly with respect to changes in network topology throughout the connectome.

Knowledge regarding the influence of individual traits on interaction patterns in nature can help understand the topological role of individuals within a network of intrapopulation interactions. We tested hypotheses on the relationships between individuals\' positions within networks (specialization and centrality) of 4 populations of the mouse opossum Gracilinanus agilis and their traits (i.e., body length, body condition, tail length relative to body length, sex, reproductive condition, and botfly parasitism) and also seasonal effects in the Brazilian savanna. Individuals with lower body length, better body condition, and relatively shorter tail were more specialized (i.e., less connected within the network). Individuals were also more specialized and less connected during the warm-wet season. The relationship between individuals\' position in the network and body traits, however, was independent of season. We propose that specialization may arise not only as a result of preferred feeding strategies by more capable individuals (i.e., those with better body condition and potentially prone to defend and access high-quality food resources) but also because of morphological constraints. Smaller/younger individuals (consequently with less experience in foraging) and short-tailed individuals (less skilled to explore the vertical strata of the vegetation) would feed only on a subset of the available food resources and consequently become more specialized. Moreover, individuals are more specialized during the warm-wet season because of high competition (population-dense period) and higher ecological opportunities (resource-rich period). Therefore, our study reveals the relevance of individual traits in shaping interaction patterns and specialization in populations.

Trade network connects enterprises together, while its impact on corporate ESG performance is unknown. Drawing on unbalanced panel data of resource-based enterprises in China from 2009 to 2021, this study decomposes the trade network into purchasing network and sales network based on trade directions, and explores their impact on corporate ESG performance and the mechanisms involved. The findings indicate that: (1) The trade networks exhibit a negative correlation with corporate ESG performance. Meanwhile, purchasing network demonstrates a more pronounced adverse impact on corporate ESG than sales network. After a series of endogeneity tests, the above results still hold. (2) Heterogeneity analysis shows that trade networks have a more significant effect on the ESG performance of state-owned enterprises, mature enterprises and heavily polluting enterprises. And the most pronounced negative effect is observed in the governance (G) component of ESG. (3) Mechanism analysis reveals that trade networks negatively influence corporate ESG performance by impeding the progress of green innovation and internal control. (4) Accelerating digital transformation and intensifying government environmental regulations can mitigate the inhibitory impact of trade networks on corporate ESG performance. This study provides theoretical support and empirical evidence for resource-based enterprises to enhance ESG performance while reinforcing trade linkages.

The structure of event knowledge plays a critical role in prediction, reconstruction of memory for personal events, construction of possible future events, action, language usage, and social interactions. Despite numerous theoretical proposals such as scripts, schemas, and stories, the highly variable and rich nature of events and event knowledge have been formidable barriers to characterizing the structure of event knowledge in memory. We used network science to provide insights into the temporal structure of common events. Based on participants\' production and ordering of the activities that make up events, we established empirical profiles for 80 common events to characterize the temporal structure of activities. We used the event networks to investigate multiple issues regarding the variability in the richness and complexity of people\'s knowledge of common events, including: the temporal structure of events; event prototypes that might emerge from learning across many experiential instances and be expressed by people; the degree to which scenes (communities) are present in various events; the degree to which people believe certain activities are central to an event; how centrality might be distributed across an event\'s activities; and similarities among events in terms of their content and their temporal structure. Thus, we provide novel insights into human event knowledge, and describe 18 predictions for future human studies.

The main aim of this study was to validate and adapt the Centrality of Religiosity Scale to the Portuguese population. A total of 1018 subjects participated in this study. The metric qualities demonstrated in the analyses suggested that the factor structure was based on five dimensions identical to those proposed by its authors. After analysing its psychometric qualities, we concluded that this instrument can be applied to the Portuguese population and is a valuable tool in studies related to the psychology of religion and spirituality.

Domestic and international risk shocks have greatly increased the demand for systemic risk management in China. This paper estimates China\'s multi-layer financial network based on multiple financial relationships among banks, assets, and firms, using China\'s banking system data in 2021. An improved PageRank algorithm is proposed to identify systemically important banks and other economic sectors, and a stress test is conducted. This study finds that China\'s multi-layer financial network is sparse, and the distribution of transactions across financial markets is uneven. Regulatory authorities should support economic recovery and adjust the money supply, while banks should differentiate competition and manage risks better. Based on the PageRank index, this paper assesses the systemic importance of large commercial banks from the perspective of network structure, emphasizing the role of banks\' transaction behavior and market participation. Different industries and asset classes are also assessed, suggesting that increased attention should be paid to industry risks and regulatory oversight of bank investments. Finally, stress tests confirm that the improved PageRank algorithm is applicable within the multi-layer financial network, reinforcing the need for prudential supervision of the banking system and revealing that the degree of transaction concentration will affect the systemic importance of financial institutions.

UNASSIGNED: Entertainment media content is often mentioned as one of the roots of children\'s unhealthy food consumption. This might be due to the high quantity of unhealthy foods presented in children\'s media environments. However, less is known about the role of the centrality of food placement, that is, whether foods are interacted with, consumed, verbally mentioned, or appear unobtrusively. We also lack longitudinal research measuring both children\'s unhealthy and healthy food consumption behaviors as outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: The aim is to connect content analytical data based on children\'s actual media diet with panel data in order to explain children\'s food preferences. Moreover, this study not only focuses on the amount of healthy and unhealthy foods children are exposed to, but also on how these foods are presented (ie, centrally or not). Furthermore, we looked at the question of how parental coviewing can diminish (or enhance) the effects of unhealthy (or healthy) food depictions, and we measured healthy and unhealthy consumption as dependent variables.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a 2-wave panel study with children and one of their parents (of 2250 parents contacted, 829 responded, for a response rate of 36.84%; 648 valid cases, ie, parent-child pairs, were used for analysis), with 6 months between the 2 panel waves. We linked the 2-wave panel data for the children and their parents to content analytical data for movies (n=113) and TV series (n=134; 3 randomly chosen episodes per TV series were used) that children were exposed to over the course of 6 months.
UNASSIGNED: There was no significant relationship between exposure to unhealthy food presentation and unhealthy (b=0.008; P=.07) or healthy (b=-0.003; P=.57) food consumption over time. Also, healthy food presentation was unrelated to unhealthy (b=0.009; P=.18) or healthy (b=0.000; P=.99) food consumption over time. However, there was a significant, positive interaction between unhealthy food presentation and presentation centrality on unhealthy food consumption (b=0.000; P=.03), suggesting that the effects of unhealthy food presentation rise with increasing levels of centrality. There was no interaction between unhealthy food presentation and presentation centrality on the consumption of healthy foods (b=0.000; P=.10). Also, exposure to healthy food presentation interacted with centrality (b=-0.001; P=.003). That is, when a healthy product was presented at maximum centrality, it led to less unhealthy food consumption in children. Coviewing did not interact with exposure to unhealthy foods when explaining unhealthy (b=0.003; P=.08) or healthy (b=-0.001; P=.70) food consumption.
UNASSIGNED: We conclude that simply presenting more healthy foods is not sufficient to combat children\'s unhealthy food preferences. Further regulations may be necessary with respect to representations of unhealthy foods in children\'s media.

In this study, we investigate the influence of global innovation networks (GINs) on the innovation output of semiconductor firms. Utilizing negative binomial regression and network analysis, we assess how network positions, specifically degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality, affect firms\' innovation performance, revealing significant positive impacts. Moreover, our results identify a positive U-shaped relationship between structural holes in GINs and innovation performance, suggesting that while moderate network engagement aids innovation, too much can be detrimental. This research provides key insights into optimizing GIN participation for better innovation results in the competitive semiconductor sector.

Vocal communication plays an important role in survival, reproduction, and animal social association. Birds and mammals produce complex vocal sequence to convey context-dependent information. Vocalizations are conspicuous features of the behavior of most anuran species (frogs and toads), and males usually alter their calling strategies according to ecological context to improve the attractiveness/competitiveness. However, very few studies have focused on the variation of vocal sequence in anurans. In the present study, we used both conventional method and network analysis to investigate the context-dependent vocal repertoire, vocal sequence, and call network structure in serrate-legged small treefrogs Kurixalus odontotarsus. We found that male K. odontotarsus modified their vocal sequence by switching to different call types and increasing repertoire size in the presence of a competitive rival. Specifically, compared with before and after the playback of advertisement calls, males emitted fewer advertisement calls, but more aggressive calls, encounter calls, and compound calls during the playback period. Network analysis revealed that the mean degree, mean closeness, and mean betweenness of the call networks significantly decreased during the playback period, which resulted in lower connectivity. In addition, the increased proportion of one-way motifs and average path length also indicated that the connectivity of the call network decreased in competitive context. However, the vocal sequence of K. odontotarsus did not display a clear small-world network structure, regardless of context. Our study presents a paradigm to apply network analysis to vocal sequence in anurans and has important implications for understanding the evolution and function of sequence patterns.

UNASSIGNED: The Global Health Governance (GHG) response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been criticized, particularly regarding vaccine management, and changes in the roles of GHG actors have been recommended.
UNASSIGNED: To investigate the perception of experts regarding changes in the roles of different GHG actors following the COVID-19 pandemic.
UNASSIGNED: This study used a 3-round Delphi survey to collect data from 30 global health experts between May and December 2022. The GHG roles investigated were stewardship, production of guidelines and policies, promotion of solidarity and collaboration, and management of global health challenges. Social network analysis was performed and collected data was converted into a 1-mode network. Degree centrality and Eigenvector centrality were calculated using the UCINET 6.757 modelling programme.
UNASSIGNED: There were variations between the current and future roles in degree centrality and eigenvector centrality for the 19 GHG actors in each of the 4 functions investigated. For stewardship, WHO, governments and the World Bank had the highest degree centrality and eigenvector centrality during both the current and future periods. In terms of production of guidelines and policies, WHO maintained the highest current and future eigenvector centralities, while research agencies, UNICEF and Gavi upheld their current eigenvector centrality measure. For the promotion of solidarity and collaboration, WHO had the highest centrality measures, followed by UNICEF, governments and Gavi. Regarding the function \"management of global health challenges\", WHO lost its position to UNICEF as the most central, while UNDP, FHI 360 and research agencies were predicted to have a more central role in the future.
UNASSIGNED: The findings position WHO as the current and future top actor in stewardship, production of guidelines and policies, and promoting solidarity and collaboration, and UNICEF as the upcoming most central actor in managing global health challenges. Governments were major actors in all GHG functions except for managing global health challenges. Funding actors were central in all GHG functions, indicating finance as an important factor in obtaining a central role in GHG. Research organizations received a high centrality rating, indicating their importance in GHG.
الأدوار المتغيرة في حوكمة الصحة العالمية عقب جائحة كوفيد-19.
صنجسو شن، وفاء أبو الخير مطرية، حسن الفوال.
UNASSIGNED: تعرَّضت استجابة حوكمة الصحة العالمية لجائحة كوفيد-19 لانتقادات عدة، لا سيَّما فيما يتعلق بإدارة اللقاحات.
UNASSIGNED: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى اجراء استقصاءً لتصوُّر الخبراء عن أدوار الجهات الفاعلة المختلفة في مجال حوكمة الصحة العالمية أثناء جائحة كوفيد-19 وبعدها.
UNASSIGNED: استخدمت هذه الدراسة مسح دلفي من 3 جولات لجمع بيانات من 30 خبيرًا عالميًّا في مجال الصحة في المدة بين مايو/ أيار وديسمبر/ كانون الأول 2022. وشملت الأدوار الخاضعة للاستقصاء: الإشراف، وإعداد المبادئ التوجيهية والسياسات، وتعزيز التضامن والتعاون، وإدارة التحديات الصحية العالمية. وحسبنا درجة المركزية ومركزية المتجه الذاتي باستخدام تحليل الشبكة الاجتماعية. وحُولِّت البيانات التي جرى الحصول عليها إلى شبكة من النمط 1، ثم حُسبت مقاييس المركزية السابقة ببرنامج النمذجة 6,757 UCINET.
UNASSIGNED: كانت هناك تفاوتات في درجة المركزية ومركزية المتجه الذاتي بالنسبة للجهات الفاعلة البالغ عددها 19 في مجال حوكمة الصحة العالمية في كل وظيفة من الوظائف الأربع التي استُقصيت. فبالنسبة للإشراف، حصلت منظمة الصحة العالمية والحكومات والبنك الدولي على درجات ومركزيات متجه ذاتي أعلى خلال المدتين الحالية والمقبلة. وبالنسبة لإعداد المبادئ التوجيهية والسياسات، حافظت منظمة الصحة العالمية على أعلى مركزيات المتجه الذاتي، في حين استوفت وكالات البحوث واليونيسف والتحالف العالمي من أجل اللقاحات والتمنيع مقياس مركزية المتجه الذاتي الخاص بها. وبالنسبة لتعزيز التضامن والتعاون، حققت منظمة الصحة العالمية أعلى مقاييس المركزية، تلتها اليونيسف والحكومات والتحالف العالمي من أجل اللقاحات والتمنيع. وفيما يتعلق بوظيفة المركزية لإدارة التحديات الصحية العالمية، فقدت منظمة الصحة العالمية مكانتها الأولى لصالح اليونيسف التي حازت تصنيف الأكثر مركزية. واحتفظت منظمة الصحة العالمية واليونيسف فقط بمكانيهما بين أكثر 5 جهات فاعلة مركزية.
UNASSIGNED: تضع النتائج منظمة الصحة العالمية على رأس الجهات الفاعلة في الإشراف وإعداد المبادئ التوجيهية والسياسات وتعزيز التضامن والتعاون، ووضعت النتائج أيضًا اليونيسف على رأس الجهات الفاعلة المستقبلية الأكثر مركزية في إدارة التحديات الصحية العالمية. وكانت الجهات الفاعلة في مجال التمويل مركزية في جميع وظائف حوكمة الصحة العالمية، وهو ما يشير إلى أن التمويل عامل مهم في الحصول على دور مركزي في مجال حوكمة الصحة العالمية. وقد حصلت المنظمات البحثية على تصنيف مرتفع للمركزية، الأمر الذي يشير إلى أهميتها في مجال حوكمة الصحة العالمية.
Évolution des rôles dans la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale après la pandémie de COVID-19.
UNASSIGNED: La réponse apportée dans le cadre de la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale face à la pandémie de COVID-19 a été critiquée, notamment en ce qui concerne la gestion des vaccins, et des changements des rôles des acteurs impliqués dans ce processus ont été recommandés.
UNASSIGNED: Examiner la perception des experts concernant les changements des rôles des différents acteurs de la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale suite à la pandémie de COVID-19.
UNASSIGNED: La présente étude a utilisé une enquête en trois tours selon la méthode Delphi en vue de recueillir des données auprès de 30 experts de la santé mondiale entre mai et décembre 2022. Les rôles de la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale examinés étaient la gestion stratégique, la formulation de lignes directrices et de politiques, la promotion de la solidarité et de la collaboration, et la gestion des défis mondiaux en matière de santé. Une analyse des réseaux sociaux a été réalisée et les données obtenues ont été converties en un réseau mode 1. Le degré de centralité et la centralité de vecteur propre ont été calculés à l\'aide du programme de modélisation UCINET 6.757.
UNASSIGNED: Des variations ont été observées entre les rôles actuels et futurs en termes de degré de centralité et de centralité de vecteur propre pour les 19 acteurs de la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale dans chacune des quatre fonctions étudiées. Pour la gestion stratégique, l\'OMS, les gouvernements et la Banque mondiale présentaient les degrés de centralité et les centralités de vecteur propre les plus élevés, tant pour la période actuelle que pour la période future. En ce qui concerne la formulation de lignes directrices et de politiques, l\'OMS a maintenu la centralité de vecteur propre la plus élevée pour les périodes actuelle et future, tandis que les organismes de recherche, l\'UNICEF et Gavi ont conservé leur mesure actuelle de centralité de vecteur propre. Pour ce qui est de la promotion de la solidarité et de la collaboration, l\'OMS a obtenu les mesures de centralité les plus élevées, suivie de l\'UNICEF, des gouvernements et de Gavi. Enfin, eu égard à la fonction « gestion des défis mondiaux en matière de santé », l\'OMS a cédé sa position au profit de l\'UNICEF qui a obtenu les mesures de centralité les plus élevées, tandis que le PNUD, FHI 360 et les organismes de recherche devraient jouer un rôle davantage central à l\'avenir.
UNASSIGNED: Les résultats de l\'étude montrent que l\'OMS est l\'acteur principal actuel et futur pour ce qui est de la gestion stratégique, de la formulation de lignes directrices et de politiques, et pour la promotion de la solidarité et de la collaboration, et que l\'UNICEF est l\'organisme qui jouera un rôle central dans la période à venir pour ce qui est de la gestion des défis mondiaux en matière de santé. Les gouvernements ont été des acteurs majeurs dans toutes les fonctions de gouvernance sanitaire mondiale, à l\'exception de la gestion des défis mondiaux en matière de santé. Les acteurs du financement ont joué un rôle central dans toutes les fonctions liées à la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale, ce qui indique que le financement constitue un facteur important pour l\'obtention d\'un tel rôle dans ce domaine. Les organismes de recherche ont reçu une note de centralité élevée, ce qui témoigne de leur importance dans la gouvernance sanitaire mondiale.