The data provided is primary data related to cement production collected from the six different cement plants in India. This serves as the inventory for conducting material flow analysis, supply chain forecasting, and life cycle assessment of cement and concrete systems. The dataset is given in three data sheets with information relevant to the steps followed in line with the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, i.e., inventory, characterization factors and impacts (here, carbon footprint and energy consumed). The data includes the amounts of raw materials (type and source), the electricity (source and amount) used in the clinker and other products produced, such as OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement), PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement), PSC (Portland Slag Cement) and GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag). The data is presented (in Sheet A and C) for the relevant functional unit, i.e., one tonne of material produced in each plant. Sheet B gives one of its kind data related to electricity produced (1 kWh) in the thermal power plant associated with the cement plant, also called as captive power plant. As the cement production process contributes to 8% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, it is important to understand the environmental impacts associated with it, and primary data generated are essential for assessing the impacts and to modify the processes with higher contribution to reduce the impacts. This dataset can, therefore, serve as a basis to collect the data from similar plants in any part of the world and benchmarking.

The cement industry plays a significant role in global carbon emissions, underscoring the urgent need for measures to transition it toward a net-zero carbon footprint. This paper presents a detailed plan to this end, examining the current state of the cement sector, its carbon output, and the imperative for emission reduction. It delves into various low-CO2 technologies and emerging innovations such as alkali-activated cements, calcium looping, electrification, and bio-inspired materials. Economic and policy factors, including cost assessments and governmental regulations, are considered alongside challenges and potential solutions. Concluding with future prospects, the paper offers recommendations for policymakers, industry players, and researchers, highlighting the roadmap\'s critical role in achieving a carbon-neutral cement sector.

The cement industry faces great pressure from the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. CO2capture, geological utilization, and storage(CCUS) technology is crucial for CO2 mitigation in large-scale fossil-based industries. An integrated techno-economic assessment model of CCUS was improved here to assess the potential of CCUS retrofits in the cement industry in China, and the cost curve or supply curve of CCUS in the cement industry was obtained. The model set up ten scenarios from four aspects:source-sink matching distance, capture rate, CCUS technology, and technical level. The cement enterprise screening, site screening, techno-economic evaluation, and source-sink matching of CCUS were completed to answer some key problems in realizing low-carbon development via CCUS, such as enterprise inventory, storage site, emission reduction scale, and cost range. Under the scenario of 250 km matching distance, 85% net capture rate, CO2-enhanced water recovery technology, and current technical level, 44% of cement enterprises reduced carbon emission via CCUS, the cumulative capacity reached 625 million tons per year, and the levelized cost was 290-1838 yuan·t-1. The projects with a levelized cost of fewer than 600 yuan·t-1 accounted for 77% and could reduce CO2 emission by 564 million tons annually. The projects whose levelized cost was less than 400 yuan·t-1 could reduce CO2 by 199 million tons per year. When the coupling of CO2-enhanced oil recovery and CO2-enhanced water recovery technology was considered, the levelized cost was 27% lower. When the cement capacity was less than 530 million tons per year, the additional cost of cement production was 95-300 yuan·t-1. Under technological progress to 2030, the levelized cost will be reduced by 9%-15%. The regions with early demonstration advantages of full-chain CO2-enhanced water recovery technology were Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Henan, and Hebei. Additionally, the areas suitable for cement CCUS cluster included Ordos Basin, Junggar Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, and Songliao Basin. It is technically feasible for the cement industry to deploy full-chain CCUS projects, and low-cost projects have an early demonstration opportunity. These results can provide a quantitative reference for the low-carbon development of the cement industry and the commercial deployment of CCUS in cement production.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the cement industry account for 26% of the total industrial emissions, and the need to develop low-carbon techniques within the cement industry is extremely urgent. Low-carbon projects and technologies for the cement industry in different regions and countries have been thoroughly reviewed in this manuscript, and the low-carbon development concept for each county has been analyzed. For developing countries such as China and India, energy saving and efficiency enhancement are currently the key points, while for developed countries and regions such as Europe, more efforts have been focused on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Global CCUS projects have been previously conducted, and the majority of CCUS projects are currently performed in Europe where major projects such as the CEMCAP, CLEANKER, and IEILAC projects represent the latest research progress in cement production technologies and low-carbon technologies for the global cement industry. The development of low-carbon cement technologies has changed from focusing on the end point to instead focusing on the source and process through the exploration of hydrogen and solar energies, and more disruptive and original technologies are expected to be developed, particularly in the cement industry in China.

To estimate the composition and exposure to clinker and other specific components in personal thoracic dust samples of cement production workers.
A procedure for the classification of airborne particles in cement production plants was developed based on classification trees. For this purpose, the chemical compositions of 27,217 particles in 29 material samples (clinker, limestone, gypsum, clay, quartz, bauxite, iron source, coal fly ash, and coal) were determined automatically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The concentrations of the major elements in cement (calcium, aluminium, silicon, iron, and sulphur) were used for the classifications. The split criteria of the classification trees obtained in the material samples were used to classify 44,176 particles in 34 personal thoracic aerosol samples. The contents of clinker and other materials were estimated, and the clinker contents were analysed statistically for differences between job types and job tasks.
Between 64% and 88% of the particles from material samples were classified as actual materials. The material types with variable composition (clay, coal fly ash, and coal) were classified with the lowest consistency (64% to 67%), while materials with a more limited compositional variation (clinker, gypsum, and quartz) were classified more consistently (76% to 85%). The arithmetic mean (AM) of the clinker content in personal samples was 62.1%, the median was 55.3%, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 42.6% to 68.1%. No significant differences were observed between job types. However, the clinker content in samples when workers handled materials with high clinker content was significantly higher than when materials with lower clinker content were handled, 85% versus 65% (P = 0.02). The limestone content was AM 14.8%, median 13.2% (95% CI 5.5 to 20.9), whereas the other materials were present with relative abundances of median ≤ 6.4%.
Automated particle analysis by SEM-EDX followed by classification tree analysis quantified clinker with fairly high consistency when evaluated together with raw materials that are expected to be airborne in cement production plants. The clinker proportions for job types were similar. Tasks a priori ranked by assumed clinker content were significantly different and according to expectations, which supports the validity of the chosen methodology.
The composition of personal samples of mineral aerosols in the cement production industry could be estimated by automated single particle analysis with SEM-EDX and classification by a classification tree procedure. Clinker was the major component in the thoracic aerosol that cement production workers were exposed to. Differences between job types were relatively small and not significant. The clinker content from tasks was in agreement with assumptions.

The cement industry contributes substantially to world emissions. Sustainable and circular practices are adopted globally to mitigate such emissions. Developing countries like Pakistan lack adaptation to circular and sustainable practices. The study proposes an alternative mix of coal and crop residues that can be used for cement production. The study aims to find the best mixtures of coal with crop residue for combustion purposes in cement industries. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) are implemented for the environmental and economic viability of the proposed material mixtures. Moreover, the study seeks to explore risks associated with the implementation of circular practices in the cement industry of a developing country. The study adopts Modified Safety Improvement Risk Assessment (SIRA) for assessing the risks. The results suggest that the partial replacement of coal with bagasse is the most viable mixture with lower environmental emissions and is economically feasible among other alternate mixtures. In terms of risk assessment, there is a lack of governmental support for adopting circular economy (CE) practices and profit uncertainties of these CE practices.

The cement industry plays critical role in any country\'s development and economic growth. Cement is extensively used in construction sector and infrastructural projects. Abundant raw material availability, infrastructure demands, urbanization, and recent government initiatives-Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) project and housing for all under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), India-stood at second place in cement-producing country in the world. Cement plants are emitting 15% of global pollutions into the environment among various industries. Cement industry byproducts include dust/particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), toxic gases (COx, NOx, SOx, CH4, and VOCs), noise, and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, and Hg), which cause climate change, global warming, and health risks as well as negative impact on flora and fauna. The Terra, Aura, Sentinel-5P, GOSAT, and other satellite datasets allow estimation of cement industry major air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using regression models, artificial neural network-based models, machine learning models, and the tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) retrieval algorithm. This review article explores the evolution of the Indian cement industry, air pollutants from the cement industry, social and environmental implications, satellite datasets, models used for assessing air pollutants, and challenges for the long-term sustainability of the cement industry.

The cement industry includes energy-intensive processes, e.g., clinker rotary kilns and clinker grate coolers. Clinker is obtained through chemical and physical reactions in a rotary kiln from raw meal; these reactions also involve combustion processes. The grate cooler is located downstream of the clinker rotary kiln with the purpose of suitably cooling the clinker. The clinker is cooled through the action of multiple cold air fan units as it is transported within the grate cooler. The present work describes a project where Advanced Process Control techniques are applied to a clinker rotary kiln and a clinker grate cooler. Model Predictive Control was selected as the main control strategy. Linear models with delays are obtained through ad hoc plant experiments and suitably included in the controllers\' formulation. A cooperation and coordination policy is introduced between the kiln and the cooler controllers. The main objectives of the controllers are to control the rotary kiln and grate cooler critical process variables while minimizing the fuel/coal specific consumption of the kiln and the electric energy consumption of the cold air fan units within the cooler. The overall control system was installed on the real plant, obtaining significant results in terms of service factor and control and energy-saving performances.

Türkiye is one of the biggest developing countries and the second biggest cement exporter in the world. In 2021, the country exported around $1billion of cement, which is responsible for over 8% of emissions globally. In order to fulfill the EU norms, energy, emissions, and cost reduction investments continue in the country. The aim of this paper is to perform a detailed exergoeconomic assessment of a rotary burner to increase the energy and exergy performance and decrease energy consumption, exergy costs and environmental impacts of a real scale cement factory in Türkiye. During the 2-year period, detailed data has been obtained from the factory by real time detection of clinker manufacturing process. By applying the specific exergy costing (SPECO) method, energy and exergy destructions, and exergetic cost distributions for the rotary burner are calculated in detail. The 1st and 2nd law efficiencies of the overall factory, specific energy (SEC) and exergy (SExC) consumption, and SPECO for clinker production are calculated to be 59.84%, 39.04%, 4786.75 MJ/ton, 5230.38 MJ/ton, and 10.11 $/MJ, respectively. The use of magnesia-spinel composite refractory bricks and the anzast layer formation decreased the SPECO by 2.71% corresponding to a saving of $2,280,000 preventing 13.74 MtCO2 emissions yearly.