原发性心脏肿瘤相对少见(75%为良性)。在其他25%中,代表恶性肿瘤,肉瘤占75-95%,原发性心脏内膜肉瘤(PCIS)是最罕见的发现之一。我们旨在从多学科的角度对PCIS特定领域的最新发布数据进行全面的审查和实际考虑。我们涵盖了日常临床实践中对超合格管理的认识问题,以实现充分的诊断和及时的干预,还强调了MDM2免疫染色和MDM2遗传分析的核心作用。具有MDM2阳性状态的新型点上临床小插图为实践点提供了额外的基础。根据我们的方法(PubMed数据库搜索全长,2021年1月至2023年3月的英文出版物),我们确定了3项研究和23例单病例报告,以22名成年人为代表(男女比例为1.2;男性人口平均年龄为53.75岁,范围:35-81岁;女性平均年龄55.5岁,范围:34-70)和一个4岁的孩子。在首次入院的一天到十个月内就认识到了与肿瘤相关的临床表现。这些非特异性数据(怀疑指数非常低)包括至少NYHAII级心力衰竭,二尖瓣反流和肺动脉高压,急性心肌梗死,缺血性卒中,阻塞性休克,阵发性心房颤动.意识可能来自其他投诉,如(最常见的)呼吸困难,心悸,胸压,咳嗽,虚弱,突然的疲劳,弱点,萎靡不振,厌食症,减肥,头痛,多汗症,盗汗,和上腹痛。最初有两名患者被误诊为心内膜炎。在3/23的受试者中登记了先前治疗的非心脏恶性肿瘤的病史。远处转移作为检测的第一步(n=2/23;具体地说,大脑和肠道)或随访期间(n=6/23;即,肠,大脑和骨骼,在每种情况下,和肾上腺)需要额外的成像工具(26%的患者有远处转移)。经食管超声心动图,计算机断层扫描(CT),磁共振成像,甚至18F-FDG正电子发射断层扫描-CT(显示PCIS中的高代谢病变)也代表了多模态研究工具的基础。肿瘤大小从3厘米到≥9厘米不等(平均最大直径5.5厘米)。最常见的部位是左心房,其次是右心室和右心房。20/23例提供了术后组织学确认,在肿瘤活检时,在他们的3/23。术后最大无病间隔为8年,致死结局最早发生在首次入院后的两周.在7/23个受试者中提供了MDM2在免疫组织化学中的阳性状态(三个受试者中的两个)和在遗传分析中的MDM2扩增(五个受试者中的四个)方面的MDM2分析。此外,另外三项研究针对PCIS,其中两个提供了特定的MDM2/MDM2测定(n=35例PCIS患者);在提供的数据中,我们提到,一个队列(n=20)确定55%的MDM2扩增在内膜肉瘤,这与粘液样模式相关;另一个队列(n=15)显示MDM2阳性比MDM2阴性免疫染色具有更好的预后。总结一下,MDM2扩增和共扩增,例如,与MDM4,CDK4,HMGA3,CCND3,PDGFRA,TERT,KIT,除了MDM2免疫染色外,CCND3和HDAC9还可以改善PCIS的诊断,因为这些肿瘤中有10-20%是MDM2阴性的。有必要进行进一步的研究,以强调MDM2的适用性,作为预后因素,并作为在其他方面非常积极的恶性肿瘤中进行多层管理时要考虑的因素。
Primary cardiac tumours are relatively uncommon (75% are benign). Across the other 25%, representing malignant neoplasia, sarcomas account for 75-95%, and primary cardiac intimal sarcoma (PCIS) is one of the rarest findings. We aimed to present a comprehensive review and practical considerations from a multidisciplinary perspective with regard to the most recent published data in the specific domain of PCIS. We covered the issues of awareness amid daily practice clinical presentation to ultra-qualified management in order to achieve an adequate diagnosis and prompt intervention, also emphasizing the core role of MDM2 immunostaining and MDM2 genetic analysis. An additional base for practical points was provided by a novel on-point clinical vignette with MDM2-positive status. According to our methods (PubMed database search of full-length, English publications from January 2021 to March 2023), we identified three studies and 23 single case reports represented by 22 adults (male-to-female ratio of 1.2; male population with an average age of 53.75 years, range: 35-81; woman mean age of 55.5 years, range: 34-70) and a 4-year-old child. The tumour-related clinical picture was recognized in a matter of one day to ten months on first admission. These non-specific data (with a very low index of suspicion) included heart failure at least NYHA class II, mitral regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, obstructive shock, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Awareness might come from other complaints such as (most common) dyspnoea, palpitation, chest pressure, cough, asthenia, sudden fatigue, weakness, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, headache, hyperhidrosis, night sweats, and epigastric pain. Two individuals were initially misdiagnosed as having endocarditis. A history of prior treated non-cardiac malignancy was registered in 3/23 subjects. Distant metastasis as the first step of detection (n = 2/23; specifically, brain and intestinal) or during follow-up (n = 6/23; namely, intestinal, brain and bone, in two cases for each, and adrenal) required additional imagery tools (26% of the patients had distant metastasis). Transoesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imagery, and even 18F-FDG positronic emission tomography-CT (which shows hypermetabolic lesions in PCIS) represent the basis of multimodal tools of investigation. Tumour size varied from 3 cm to ≥9 cm (average largest diameter of 5.5 cm). The most frequent sites were the left atrium followed by the right ventricle and the right atrium. Post-operatory histological confirmation was provided in 20/23 cases and, upon tumour biopsy, in 3/23 of them. The post-surgery maximum free-disease interval was 8 years, the fatal outcome was at the earliest two weeks since initial admission. MDM2 analysis was provided in 7/23 subjects in terms of MDM2-positive status (two out of three subjects) at immunohistochemistry and MDM2 amplification (four out of five subjects) at genetic analysis. Additionally, another three studies addressed PCISs, and two of them offered specific MDM2/MDM2 assays (n = 35 patients with PCISs); among the provided data, we mention that one cohort (n = 20) identified a rate of 55% with regard to MDM2 amplification in intimal sarcomas, and this correlated with a myxoid pattern; another cohort (n = 15) showed that MDM2-positive had a better prognostic than MDM2-negative immunostaining. To summarize, MDM2 amplification and co-amplification, for example, with MDM4, CDK4, HMGA3, CCND3, PDGFRA, TERT, KIT, CCND3, and HDAC9, might improve the diagnosis of PCIS in addition to MDM2 immunostaining since 10-20% of these tumours are MDM2-negative. Further studies are necessary to highlight MDM2 applicability as a prognostic factor and as an element to be taken into account amid multi-layered management in an otherwise very aggressive malignancy.