稻壳(RH),咖啡(CH),和chroupa(CLH)用于生产天然吸附剂。天然吸附剂用于去除药物,如双氯芬酸,环丙沙星,和对乙酰氨基酚在蒸馏水的混合物中。然而,由于酸性基团的浓度较高,CH因其去除环丙沙星的效率(74%)而脱颖而出,如Boehm方法所示。此外,CH单独去除86%的环丙沙星。因此,选择CH并用于去除其他氟喹诺酮类药物,如左氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星。尽管静电相互作用有利于去除,由于环丙沙星的分子体积较小,因此可以更好地去除环丙沙星。然后,选择环丙沙星,和pH的影响,矩阵,和吸附剂剂量进行了评估。这样,使用pH值为6.2的尿液,剂量为1.5gL-1,可以吸附范围内的ClP浓度(0.0050-0.42mmolL-1)。随后,高R2值和低百分比的APE和Δq表明对伪二级动力学的拟合更好,表明有两阶段吸附。同时,Langmuir等温线建议单层吸附,Qm为25.2mgg-1。此外,该过程的成本估计为0.373美元/gCIP,其中该材料可重复使用4次,尿液中aCIP去除量为51%。因此,热力学分析表明,放热和自发过程具有高度无序性。此外,吸附后FTIR分析的变化表明,CH在去除尿液中的CIP涉及静电吸引,氢键和π-π相互作用。此外,生命周期分析提出,对于评估的11个类别,与制备吸附剂相比,用CH去除尿液中的CIP对环境的影响更低,确认吸附过程比材料合成或其他替代处理更环保。此外,提出了基于实际应用的未来研究方向。
Husks of rice (RH), coffee (CH), and cholupa (CLH) were used to produce natural adsorbents. The natural adsorbents were used to remove pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, ciprofloxacin, and acetaminophen in a mixture of distilled water. However, CH stood out for its efficiency in removing ciprofloxacin (74%) due to the higher concentration of acidic groups, as indicated by the Boehm method. In addition, CH removed 86% of ciprofloxacin individually. Therefore, CH was selected and used to remove other fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin and Norfloxacin. Although electrostatic interactions favored removals, better removal was observed for ciprofloxacin due to its smaller molecular volume. Then, ciprofloxacin was selected, and the effect of pH, matrix, and adsorbent doses were evaluated. In this way, using a pH of 6.2 in urine with a dose of 1.5 g L-1, it is possible to adsorb CIP concentrations in the range (0.0050-0.42 mmol L-1). Subsequently, the high R2 values and low percentages of APE and Δq indicated better fits for pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting a two-stage adsorption. At the same time, the Langmuir isotherm recommends a monolayer adsorption with a Qm of 25.2 mg g-1. In addition, a cost of 0.373 USD/g CIP was estimated for the process, where the material can be reused up to 4 times with a CIP removal in the urine of 51%. Consequently, thermodynamics analysis showed an exothermic and spontaneous process with high disorder. Furthermore, changes in FTIR analysis after adsorption suggest that CH in removing CIP in urine involves electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. In addition, the life cycle analysis presents, for the 11 categories evaluated, a lower environmental impact of the CIP removal in urine with CH than for the preparation of adsorbent, confirming that the adsorption process is more environmentally friendly than materials synthesis or other alternatives of treatments. Furthermore, future directions of the study based on real applications were proposed.