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BACKGROUND: An inverse relationship between saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and Lp(a) concentration has been observed; however, there has been no quantification of this effect.
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine if SFA consumption alters Lp(a) levels among adults without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials contrasting a lower SFA diet(s) with a higher SFA diet(s) among adults without ASCVD was conducted. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science databases and registers were searched through October 2023. The standardized mean difference in Lp(a) between diets lower vs. higher in SFA (percent of energy [%E]) was determined using random-effects meta-analysis. Analyses were also conducted to examine the effect of replacing SFA with carbohydrates (CHO), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), or trans fatty acids (TFAs).
RESULTS: In total, 6,255 publications were identified in the systematic search. Twenty-six publications reporting 27 randomized controlled trials, including 1,325 participants and 49 diet comparisons, were included. The mean difference in SFA between lower vs. higher SFA diets was 7.6% E (3.7% - 17.8% E). After lower SFA diets, Lp(a) concentration was higher (SMD 0.14 [95%CI: 0.03, 0.24]) compared to higher SFA diets. Subgroup analyses showed higher Lp(a) following diets where SFA was replaced by CHO (trials=8, n=539; SMD 0.21 [95%CI: 0.02, 0.40]) or TFAs (trials=8, n=300; SMD 0.32 [95%CI: 0.17, 0.48]). No differences in Lp(a) were observed when MUFA (trials=16, n=641; SMD 0.04 [95%CI: -0.08, 0.16]) or PUFA (trials=8, n=415; SMD 0.09 [-0.04, 0.22]) replaced SFA.
CONCLUSIONS: Lower SFA diets modestly increase Lp(a) compared to higher SFA diets among individuals without ASCVD. This effect appeared to be driven by replacement of SFA with CHO or TFA. Research investigating the atherogenicity of diet induced Lp(a) changes is needed to inform dietary management of lipid/lipoprotein disorders. (PROSPERO Registration number: CRD42020154169).

UNASSIGNED: The purpose of the review was to evaluate the literature exploring nutritional habits and practices in female soccer players.
UNASSIGNED: The PRISMA-ScR Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews were followed. Searches of Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were conducted for studies exploring the nutritional habits and practices of female soccer players.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 72 studies were included in the scoping review. Studies on female soccer players mainly focused on daily energy expenditure, daily energy and macronutrient intake and hydration status. A negative energy balance was consistent across studies, and the ingestion of CHO appears below the current recommendations. Female soccer players are predominately in negative energy balance, which may indicate that they are at risk of low energy availability. A high use of nutritional supplements is apparent in female soccer, whilst a large proportion of players commence training dehydrated.
UNASSIGNED: The current findings have implications for practitioners relating to the planning, management, monitoring, and implementation of nutritional intake and training and competition schedules.

The human diet requires a more plant-based approach due to the exhaustive effects animal-based foods have on the environment. However, plant-based proteins generally miss a few or have a lower variety in essential amino acids and are more difficult to digest. Subsequently they might be prone to fermentation by the microbiome in the proximal colon. Proteolytic fermentation can induce microbial-metabolites with beneficial and negative health effects. We review current insight into how balances in saccharolytic and proteolytic fermentation can be maintained when the diet consists predominantly of plant-based proteins. Some proteolytic fermentation metabolites may negatively impact balances in gut microbiota composition in the large intestine and influence immunity. However, proteolytic fermentation can potentially be prevented in the proximal colon toward more saccharolytic fermentation through the addition of non-digestible carbohydrates in the diet. Knowledge on this combination of plant-based proteins and non-digestible carbohydrates on colonic- and general health is limited. Current data suggest that transitioning toward a more plant-based protein diet should be accompanied with a consumption of increased quantities and more complex structures of carbohydrates or by application of technological strategies to enhances digestibility. This can reduce or prevent proteolytic fermentation which might consequently improve human health.

Exploring the transformation of carbohydrates into valuable chemicals offers a promising and eco-friendly method for utilizing renewable biomass resources. Developing a bi-functional, sustainable heterogeneous catalyst is of utmost importance to attain a high level of selectivity for the desired product, 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), in this direct conversion process. In this study, we developed a highly effective catalytic system to convert diverse carbohydrates into DFF. Our approach involved utilizing a MoS2 catalyst supported by amorphous carbon derived from sulfonated sugarcane biomass. The MoS2@SBG-SO3H composite was successfully synthesized using a facile and highly efficient method. The transformation of fructose into DFF achieved a significant yield of 70% for 5 h at 160 °C using a one-step and one-pot reaction through dehydration and oxidation with oxygen. The oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into DFF using MoS2@SBG-SO3H was obtained at 94% DFF within 5 h; the activation energy was 38.3 kJ.mol-1. The catalyst displayed convenient recovery and reusability. The direct synthesis of DFF from various carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose, maltose, and lactose, resulted in favorable yields. Our research provides a quick, green, and efficient process for preparing carbon-based solid acid catalysts and DFF.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a homodimeric glycoprotein produced by the human liver and secreted into the systemic circulation where it binds with high affinity sex steroids regulating their availability in blood and accessibility to target tissues. Plasma SHBG levels are altered in metabolic disorders such as obesity, anorexia, and insulin resistance. Several reports have shown that diets in terms of total calories or fat, fiber, or protein content can alter plasma SHBG levels. However, there are many components in a diet that can affect SHBG gene expression in the liver. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which diets regulate SHBG production, it would be necessary to analyze single diet components and/or nutritional factors. This review summarizes the recent advances in identifying different nutritional factors regulating SHBG production and the related molecular mechanism, as well as the clinical implications.

A new series of chiral 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]-triazoline molecules, featuring a β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside appendage, were synthesized via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between various hydrazonyl chlorides and carbohydrate Schiff bases. The isolated enantiopure triazolines (8a-j) were identified through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and vibrational spectroscopy. Subsequently, their solution structures were elucidated through NMR spectroscopic techniques. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of derivative 8b provided definitive evidence for the 3-D structure of this compound and revealed important intermolecular forces in the crystal lattice. Moreover, it confirmed the (S)-configuration at the newly generated stereo-center. Selected target compounds were investigated for anti-tumor activity in 60 cancer cell lines, with derivative 8c showing the highest potency, particularly against leukemia. Additionally, substituent-dependent anti-fungal and anti-bacterial behavior was observed.

In this study, a beverage made from a combination of Agave sap (AS) and prickly pear juice (PPJ) was analyzed for its nutrients and bioactive and potentially health-promoting compounds. The beverage was evaluated for its ability to act as an antioxidant, regulate glycemic properties, and undergo gut bacterial fermentation in vitro. The major mono- and oligosaccharides present in the beverage were galacturonic acid (217.74 ± 13.46 mg/100 mL), rhamnose (227.00 ± 1.58 mg/100 mL), and fructose (158.16 ± 8.86 mg/mL). The main phenolic compounds identified were protocatechuic acid (440.31 ± 3.06 mg/100 mL) and catechin (359.72 ± 7.56 mg/100 mL). It was observed that the beverage had a low glycemic index (<40) and could inhibit digestive carbohydrases. The combination of ingredients also helped to reduce gas production during AS fermentation from 56.77 cm3 to 15.67 cm3. The major SCFAs produced during fermentation were butyrate, acetate, and propionate, with valerate being produced only during the late fermentation of the AS. This beverage is rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and dietary fiber, which will bring health benefits when consumed.

Background and Objectives: Unhealthy nutrition can contribute to the development or progression of various alimentary-dependent diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, anaemia, and arterial hypertension. Young-old and old-old individuals often have diets deficient in essential vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients, characterized by high consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods and insufficient intake of plant-based products like vegetables and fruits. This study aims to identify key parameters of nutritional status among the young-old (aged 60-74 years) and old-old (aged 75-90 years) populations in central Kazakhstan, particularly in relation to specific alimentary-dependent diseases. Materials and Methods: The study involved 300 participants aged 60-90 years. The study incorporated a dietary questionnaire, food consumption records (such as 24 h recalls), and measurements of anthropometric indicators including weight and skinfold measurements. Results: Residents in the surveyed regions typically consumed food 3-4 times daily, with breakfast, lunch, and dinner being eaten at consistent times. A significant proportion of individuals, especially older adults, followed this meal schedule. About one-third ate before bedtime, and more than half believed they adhere to a specific diet. The mean BMI for men aged 60-74 years was 28.3 (95% CI: 20.1-43.2) and, for those aged 75-90 years, it was 29.0 (95% CI: 22.1-40.8). Caloric intake among individuals aged 60-74 was higher compared to those aged 75-90, with males consuming an average of 2372.7 kcal and females consuming 2236.78 kcal versus 2101.5 kcal for males and 2099.9 kcal for females in the older age group. Conclusions: The dietary patterns observed among old-old individuals were marked by excessive calorie intakes and imbalances in macronutrient composition, with a predominant emphasis on high-carbohydrate foods at the expense of essential nutrients like proteins, fats, and key vitamins (such as C, E, B vitamins) and minerals (such as potassium, calcium, and iron).

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.