Background and objectives Spinal anesthesia stands as a cornerstone for patients undergoing lower segment cesarean section (LSCS), offering advantages like faster onset and high block density. Levobupivacaine, known for its high potency and long-acting nature, has a slower onset. The safety of intrathecal fentanyl or midazolam is evaluated as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in parturients. This study aims to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia provided by fentanyl or midazolam added to 0.5% hyperbaric levobupivacaine in elective cesarean sections. Secondary objectives include evaluating the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade and the incidence of nausea and vomiting. Identifying the more effective adjuvant will help optimize spinal anesthesia protocols, improve postoperative outcomes, and enhance patient comfort and recovery. Methods This study was conducted at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, India, over six months (May 1, 2023, to October 1, 2023). A total of 90 patients undergoing elective LSCS received spinal anesthesia in a prospective randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Patients were allocated to three groups: Group A received levobupivacaine with fentanyl, Group B received levobupivacaine with midazolam, and Group C received levobupivacaine with normal saline. Block characteristics, postoperative analgesia, hemodynamic stability, and complications were assessed. Assessments were conducted at specified time points: intraoperatively, every five minutes for the first 30 minutes, every 10 minutes for the next hour, every two hours for six hours, and every four hours up to 24 hours postoperatively. Statistical analysis utilized one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Group B (levobupivacaine with midazolam) exhibited a shorter time to sensory block onset (88 seconds) compared to Groups A and C (both 145 seconds) (p < 0.001). Group A (levobupivacaine with fentanyl) showed a shorter time to maximum motor block (p = 0.045) than Groups B and C. The sensory block duration was significantly longer in Group A (127.5 minutes) compared to Group B (60 minutes) and Group C (69 minutes) (p < 0.001). Motor block duration was also prolonged in Group A (251 minutes) compared to Group B (147 minutes) and Group C (177 minutes) (p = 0.045). The first analgesic requirement was delayed in Group A (248 minutes), whereas Groups B (115 minutes) and C (90 minutes) (p < 0.001) required more frequent analgesia. Group A experienced a higher incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Conclusion Midazolam accelerated sensory block onset, while fentanyl prolonged anesthesia duration without significantly affecting motor block. Fentanyl delayed the first analgesic requirement, whereas midazolam reduced postoperative nausea, vomiting, and shivering.

BACKGROUND: When medically indicated, caesarean section (CS) can be a life-saving intervention for mothers and their newborns. This study assesses the prevalence of CS and its associated factors, focussing on inequalities between rural and urban areas in Nigeria.
METHODS: We disaggregated the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018 and performed analyses separately for Nigeria\'s overall, rural, and urban residences. We summarised data using frequency tabulations and identified factors associated with CS through multivariable logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: CS prevalence was 2.7% in Nigeria (overall), 5.2% in urban and 1.2% in rural areas. The North-West region had the lowest prevalence of 0.7%, 1.5% and 0.4% for the overall, urban and rural areas, respectively. Mothers with higher education demonstrated a greater CS prevalence of 14.0% overall, 15.3% in urban and 9.7% in rural residences. Frequent internet use increased CS prevalence nationally (14.3%) and in urban (15.1%) and rural (10.1%) residences. The southern regions showed higher CS prevalence, with the South-West leading overall (7.0%) and in rural areas (3.3%), and the South-South highest in urban areas (8.5%). Across all residences, rich wealth index, maternal age ≥ 35, lower birth order, and ≥ eight antenatal (ANC) contacts increased the odds of a CS. In rural Nigeria, husbands\' education, spouses\' joint healthcare decisions, birth size, and unplanned pregnancy increased CS odds. In urban Nigeria, multiple births, Christianity, frequent internet use, and ease of getting permission to visit healthcare facilities were associated with higher likelihood of CS.
CONCLUSIONS: CS utilisation remains low in Nigeria and varies across rural-urban, regional, and socioeconomic divides. Targeted interventions are imperative for uneducated and socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers across all regions, as well as for mothers in urban areas who adhere to Islam, traditional, or \'other\' religions. Comprehensive intervention measures should prioritise educational opportunities and resources, especially for rural areas, awareness campaigns on the benefits of medically indicated CS, and engagement with community and religious leaders to promote acceptance using culturally and religiously sensitive approaches. Other practical strategies include promoting optimal ANC contacts, expanding internet access and digital literacy, especially for rural women (e.g., through community Wi-Fi programs), improving healthcare infrastructure and accessibility in regions with low CS prevalence, particularly in the North-West, and implementing socioeconomic empowerment programs, especially for women in rural areas.

UNASSIGNED: Nonspecific presentations during pregnancy can mask early signs and symptoms of upper abdominal tumours, making the preoperative diagnosis of upper abdominal tumours difficult. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas (SPN) is a rare exocrine tumour of the pancreas, and SPN in combination with preeclampsia during pregnancy is even rarer.
METHODS: In this paper, we report a case of SPN combined with preeclampsia during pregnancy and sudden rupture of a giant retroperitoneal SPN during a caesarean section, which resulted in life-threatening intra-abdominal haemorrhage. After exclusion of obstetric factors, a rapid response team was activated, multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) was carried out, and the patient was treated promptly and appropriately by resection of the giant retroperitoneal tumour, partial resection of the body and tail of the pancreas, and abdominal drainage.
UNASSIGNED: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SPN combined with preeclampsia during pregnancy, and a rapid and timely MDT could have ensured the patient\'s life.
CONCLUSIONS: When dealing with a pregnant woman with an acute abdomen, the obstetrician should communicate fully with the woman to ensure that the most likely diagnosis is obtained. In the event of an unexpected accident during a caesarean section, it is important to remain calm, activate the Rapid Response Team and seek an MDT to ensure the life of the mother.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether retained hardware after surgical treatment for a pelvic fracture prior to pregnancy affects the choice of delivery method. The study aims to provide insights into the rates of vaginal delivery and caesarean sections, understanding whether the mode of delivery was influenced by patient preference or the recommendations of obstetricians or surgeons, and examining the rate of complications during delivery and postpartum.
METHODS: All women of childbearing age who underwent surgical fixation for a pelvic ring fracture between 1994 and 2021 were identified. A questionnaire was sent about their possible pregnancies and deliveries. Of the included patients, surgical data were collected and the fracture patterns were retrospectively classified. Follow-up was a minimum of 36 months.
RESULTS: A total of 168 women with a pelvic fracture were identified, of whom 13 had a pregnancy after surgical stabilization. Eleven women had combined anterior and posterior fracture patterns and two had isolated sacral fractures. Four women underwent combined anterior and posterior fixation, the others either anterior or posterior fixation. Seven women had a total of 11 vaginal deliveries, and 6 women had 6 caesarean sections. The decision for vaginal delivery was often the wish of the mother (n = 4, 57%) while the decision to opt for caesarean section was made by the surgeon or obstetrician (n = 5, 83%). One woman in the vaginal delivery group suffered a postpartum complication possibly related to her retained pelvic hardware.
CONCLUSIONS: Women with retained hardware after pelvic ring fixation can have successful vaginal deliveries. Complications during labor or postpartum are rare. The rate of primary caesarean sections is high (46%) and is probably influenced by physician bias. Future research should focus on tools that can predict labor outcomes in this specific population, and larger multicenter studies are needed.
METHODS: Level III.

Background/Objectives: In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the rates of caesarean section (CS), being one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures. For the following pregnancy, the previous CS represents the backbone of the risks and complications, such as uterine scar formation, uterine rupture, massive bleeding, and serious negative outcomes for both the mother and child. Our study followed patients with a history of CS from the birth planning prenatal check-up to delivery. Methods: We reviewed the records of 125 pregnant women with previous CS who presented in the third trimester for a prenatal check-up and completed our questionnaire from March 2021 to April 2022 in the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Diakoneo Diak Klinikum Schwäbisch Hall, Germany. Results: Before the prenatal check-up, 74 patients (59.2%) preferred vaginal delivery (VD), while 51 (40.8%) preferred CS. After discussing birth planning with the obstetrician, 72 women (57.6%) decided upon VD, while 53 (42.4%) preferred CS. Ultimately, 78 (62.4%) of women gave birth through CS (either planned or by medical necessity) and 47 (37.6%) gave birth vaginally (either natural or per vacuum extraction). Conclusions: VD for patients with CS in their medical history is a real option. The patient must be well informed about the risks and benefits of the medical situation and should be empowered and supported on their chosen mode of delivery, which should be respected.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory functions may be impaired in cesarean section (C/S) delivery performed under spinal anesthesia (SA) and oxygen supplementation may be required. Therefore, we conducted a randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate the effects of different oxygen administrations in pregnant women on the lungs during C/S under SA using ultrasound and oxygen reserve index (ORI).
METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled, single-center study from May 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022. A total of 90 patients scheduled for C/S under SA were randomly divided into 3 groups. Following the SA, patients in group 0 were treated with room air, in Group 3 were administered 3 L/min O₂ with a nasal cannula (NC), in Group 6 were administered 6 L/min O₂ with a simple face mask. In addition to routine monitoring, ORI values were measured. Lung aeration was evaluated through the modified lung ultrasound score (LUS) before the procedure (T0), at minute 0 (T1), 20 (T2), and hour 6 (T3) after the procedure, and ∆LUS values were recorded.
RESULTS: After SA, the ORI values of Group 3 were higher than Group 0 at all times (p < 0.05), while the intraoperative 1st minute and the 10th, 25th and 40th minutes after delivery (p = 0.001, p = 0.027, p = 0.001, p = 0.019) was higher than Group 6. When the LUS values of each group were compared with the T0 values a decrease was observed in Group 3 and Group 6 (p < 0.001, p = 0.016). While ∆LUS values were always higher in Group 3 than in Group 0, they were higher only in T1 and T2 in Group 6.
CONCLUSIONS: We determined that it would be appropriate to prefer 3 L/min supplemental oxygen therapy with NC in C/S to be performed under SA.

UNASSIGNED: To determine the role of ultrasound in evaluation of scar thickness for prediction of uterine dehiscence.
UNASSIGNED: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Radiology department of Aga Khan University Hospital from 1st July to 31st December 2021 after approval from the University Ethic Committee. In this study pregnant women 18 to 40 years with a live singleton fetus with vertex presentation, at term, with history of prior caesarean section and availability of medical record were included. Using a curvilinear ultrasound transducer with optimally distended urinary bladder, the myometrial thickness was measured in the sagittal plane. The intraoperative visual findings of the lower uterine segment outcome at the time of C-section were recorded and categorized into two groups i.e., with and without dehiscence for statistical analysis.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 126 women were included. The mean age of the study participants was 29.8±4.1. The median gestational age was 35 (34-37) weeks. The highest AUC 0.58 was recorded for the scar thickness of ≤2.5mm with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 80.9%, 36.4%, 36.3% and 80.8% respectively. Similarly, the AUC for the scar thickness of ≤2mm was 0.55 with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 93%, 18.2%, 18.2% and 93% respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Transabdominal Sonography is a safe technique to determine the LUS thickness during antenatal ultrasound at term. A cutoff value of ≤2mm showed a high sensitivity and negative predictive value of 93% for evaluating the risk of uterine dehiscence.

BACKGROUND: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders are associated with a high risk of maternal morbidity, especially when surgery is performed in emergency conditions. In this context we aimed to report on the incidence of emergency cesarean section (CS) in patients with a high probability of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders on prenatal imaging and to compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes of patients requiring compared to those not requiring an emergency CS.
METHODS: Medline, Embase, Cochrane and Clinicaltrial.gov databases were searched.
METHODS: Case-control studies reporting the outcome of pregnancies with high probability of PAS on prenatal imaging confirmed at birth delivered by unplanned emergency CS for maternal or fetal indications compared to those who had a planned elective CS. The outcomes observed were the occurrence of emergency CS, incidence of placenta accreta and increta/percreta, preterm birth < 34 weeks of gestation and indications for emergency delivery. We analyzed and compared the outcomes of patients with emergency CS with those with elective including: estimated blood loss (EBL) (ml), number of packed red blood cells (PRBC) units transfused and blood products transfused, transfusion of more than 4 units of PRBC ureteral, bladder or bowel injury, disseminated intra-vascular coagulation (DIC), re-laparotomy after the primary surgery, maternal infection or fever, wound infection, vesicouterine or vesicovaginal fistula, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, maternal death, composite neonatal morbidity, admission to NICU, fetal or neonatal loss, Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes, neonatal birthweight.
METHODS: Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control and cohort studies Random-effect meta-analyses of proportions, risk and mean differences were used to combine the data.
RESULTS: Eleven studies with 1290 pregnancies complicated by PAS were included in the systematic review. Emergency CS was reported in 36.2% (95% CI 28.1-44.9) pregnancies with PAS at birth, of which 80.3% (95% CI 36.5-100) occurred before 34 weeks of gestation. The main indication for emergency CS was antepartum bleeding which complicated 61.8% (95% CI 32.1-87.4) of the cases. Emergent CS had a higher EBL during surgery (pooled MD 595 ml, 95% CI 116.1-1073.9, p< 0.001), PRBC (pooled MD 2.3 units, 95% CI 0.99-3.6, p< 0.001) and blood products (pooled MD 3.0, 95% CI 1.1-4.9, p= 0.002) transfused compared to scheduled CS. Patients with emergency CS had a higher risk of requiring transfusion of more than 4 units of PRBC (OR: 3. 8, 95% CI 1.7-4.9; p= 0.002) bladder injury (OR: 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.00; p= 0.003), DIC (OR 6.1, 95% CI 3.1-13.1; p<0.001) and admission to ICU (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1. 4-3.3; p<0.001). Newborns delivered in emergency had a higher risk of adverse composite neonatal outcome (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.7; p= 0.019), admission to NICU (OR: 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.6; p= 0.029), Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-4. 9; p= 0.002) and fetal or neonatal loss (OR: 8.2, 95% CI 2.5-27.4; p<0.001.
CONCLUSIONS: Emergency CD complicates about 35% of pregnancies affected by PAS disorders and is associated with a higher risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcome. Large prospective studies are needed to evaluate the clinical and imaging signs that can identify those patients with a high probability of PAS at birth, at risk of requiring an emergency CS, intrapartum hemorrhage and peri-partum hysterectomy.

During the French Revolution, obstetrics underwent substantial transformations in practice, teaching, and the physical spaces where it was conducted. The revolutionary authorities implemented reforms in French medical institutions that promoted an instrument-centred style and the dissemination of novel surgical techniques in obstetrics. The selection of professors for the obstetrics chair at the newly established École de santé and the appointment of chiefs for the new maternity ward in Paris favoured proponents of a mechanistic approach to labour assistance. This essay explores the theoretical principles and societal pressures that guided these transformative reforms and the remarkable changes they introduced in healthcare and in the practise of medicine and surgery. Furthermore, it examines the consolidation of new epistemological, ethical, and professional boundaries within the context of late eighteenth-century French obstetrics. A critical section of this study focuses on the debate ignited by the contemporaries who voiced concerns that the rise of surgical interventions on pregnant women\'s bodies might result in unwarranted violence, in a diminishing of midwives\' roles, and in a departure from the tradition of natural childbirth. These controversies among obstetricians highlight significant contradictions within the Revolutionary medical reforms.

The occurrence of wound infection following a Caesarean section procedure poses a substantial clinical obstacle. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) has been identified as a promising supplementary treatment option for improving the healing process and decreasing the incidence of infections. This study assessed the efficacy of TENS therapy in the postoperative care of patients who have had Caesarean section. We randomly assigned a total of 108 women who had Caesarean sections to either a TENS group (n = 54) or control (n = 54). The TENS therapy was provided twice daily for a duration of 30 min for the period of 14 days following the surgery. The main measure of interest in this study was the occurrence of wound infection during 30-day period. Additionally, secondary measures included the rate of wound healing, levels of pain experienced and level of patient satisfaction. In comparison to the control (22.2%, p < 0.05), the TENS group had notably reduced occurrence of wound infection, with the rate of 7.4%. TENS group had superior wound healing results, as measured by REEDA scale, at 7 days (2.1 ± 0.8 vs. 2.5 ± 1.0, p < 0.04), 14 days (1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.9 ± 0.7, p < 0.05) and 30 days (0.3 ± 0.5 vs. 0.7 ± 0.6, p < 0.05). Furthermore, TENS group had reduced pain levels on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at all evaluation intervals (p < 0.05). TENS group exhibited significantly higher levels of patient satisfaction, as evidenced by 64.8% of participants rating high satisfaction, in contrast to 40.7% in the control group (p < 0.05). The incidence of adverse effects was found to be minor, as indicated by a skin irritation rate of 3.7% and reported discomfort rate of 1.9% at the electrode location. TENS therapy effectively decreased the occurrence of post-Caesarean wound infections, expedited the healing process and enhanced pain control. This treatment was well-received by patients and had little negative consequences. The aforementioned results provided evidence in favour of incorporating TENS into post-Caesarean care regimens, which may have significant consequences for improving patient outcomes and maximizing healthcare resources.