UNASSIGNED: Previously reported results have shown promising efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, no randomized control trials comparing neoadjuvant immunotherapy with chemotherapy have yet been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the superiority of neoadjuvant immunotherapy compared with standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in resectable NSCLC in terms of short-term clinical outcomes and surgical outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the ClinicalTrials.gov database, Web of Science, and abstracts derived from multiple major cancer meetings up to March 1, 2020. Short-term clinical outcomes (including objective response rate [ORR], major pathologic response, and pathologic complete response [pCR]) and surgical outcomes (including surgical resection rate and R0 resection rate) were reported. Data were summarized as the estimated pooled value of each evaluated index. The risk of bias of included studies was assessed using standard methods.
UNASSIGNED: This systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 trials on neoadjuvant immunotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC included 1795 patients. Patients who received Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors (NeoIO) alone (13.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.0%-19.3%) had the lowest ORR compared with those who received NeoIO plus chemotherapy (CT) (62.5%; 95% CI, 54.4%-70.0%) or CT alone (41.6%; 95% CI, 36.8%-46.7%) (NeoIO vs CT, P < .001; NeoIO + CT vs CT, P < .001). Receipt of NeoIO + CT (36.2%; 95% CI, 19.2%-57.6%) was associated with an elevated pCR rate compared with receipt of NeoIO alone (10.6%; 95% CI, 6.5%-16.9%; P < .001) or standard CT (7.5%; 95% CI, 5.7%-9.8%; P < .001). Neoadjuvant CT (87.2%; 95% CI, 74.9%-94.0%) was associated with a lower R0 resection rate compared with NeoIO alone (92.7%; 95% CI, 83.4%-97.0%; P = .360) or NeoIO + CT (91.6%; 95% CI, 84.3%-95.7%; P = .409). Meta-regression showed that a higher proportion of stage III patients was correlated with decreased surgical resection and R0 resection rates, whereas no impact was observed with neoadjuvant immunotherapy.
UNASSIGNED: Current data suggest that compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, immunotherapy-based regimens may provide superior pathological response along with a higher rate of complete resection. Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be a more favorable clinical option. Further randomized controlled trials are warranted to provide long-term results of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for localized NSCLC and help guide clinical practice.

UNASSIGNED: Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVR) is common in patients withcancer. The aim of the present study was to find out clinical profile of patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy with HBVR and to study the efficacy of entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir in the treatment of HBVR.
UNASSIGNED: This is a prospective study in which all consecutive patients with cancer with evidence of HBVR were included. HBVR was defined as: New onset transaminitis with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >3 times upper limit of normal and >10 fold increase in HBV DNA levels from baseline levels or detection of HBV DNA ≥100,000 IU/ml in patients with no baseline HBV DNA. Patients with HBVR were put on ETV or tenofovir and were closely monitored for efficacy and safety for minimum of 1 year.
UNASSIGNED: Of 204 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients with different cancers, 92 met the inclusion criteria. Of 92, 46 received ETV 0.5 mg/day and 46 received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg/day. At 6 months, there was 4.7 log reduction in HBV DNA level in the ETV group and 5.2 log reduction in the TDF group (P = 0.029). Proportion of patients with undetectable HBV DNA (75.7% vs 87.5%), ALT normalization (89.2% Vs 87.5%), HBsAg negativity (25% vs 28.1%), and seroconversion (2.8% vs 3.1%) at 1 year were almost similar in both groups with P value > 0.05 for all efficacy end points. There was no HBVR-related mortality in any group.
UNASSIGNED: Both ETV and tenofovir are very effective in the treatment of HBVR and reduce the liver-related mortality and morbidity in such patients.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis B infection is common in patients with cancer, and prompt treatment is necessary; otherwise, it can result in life-threatening complications. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of entecavir in immunocompromised children with hepatitis B.
METHODS: This single-center prospective study was conducted on children with different malignancies referred to our department with evidence of hepatitis B infection. Only those children were included in the study who had HBsAg positive and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more than 2 times the upper limit of normal and whose hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was more than 20,000IU/ml. These children were put on entecavir and prospectively observed upto 192 weeks. Primary efficacy end point was the proportion of patients who achieved undetectable HBV DNA at 48 weeks of treatment. Other efficacy end points were the proportion of patients with HBeAg seroconversion, undetectable HBV DNA, and ALT normalization at weeks 48 and 96 weeks.
RESULTS: A total of 41 children met the inclusion criteria, of which 5 children died because of malignancy and 5 were lost to follow-up. Mean log DNA was 7.67 at the start which after starting entecavir reduced to 4.1, 2.8, 1.19, 1.09, and 0.84 at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 weeks, respectively (P value < 0.0001). Mean ALT decreased from 332.5 which reduced to 190, 115, 63, and 46 at 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks, respectively (P < 0.0001). 67.7% achieved the primary outcome and had undetectable DNA at 48 weeks which increased to 26 (83.9%) at 96 weeks. At 48 weeks, 80.6% patients achieved ALT normalization. Thirty percent developed HBeAg seroconversion. Two patients developed virological breakthrough, one at 96 weeks and another at 192 weeks. No significant adverse effects were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: Entecavir is safe and effective in long term for the treatment of hepatitis B in immunocompromised children.

An estimated 990,000 new cases of gastric cancer are diagnosed worldwide each year. Surgical excision, the only chance for prolonged survival, is feasible in about 20% of cases. Even after surgery, the median survival is limited to 12 to 20 months due to the frequency of locoregional and/or metastatic recurrences. This led to clinical trials associating surgery with neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatments to improve tumor control and patient survival. The most studied modalities are perioperative chemotherapy and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. To date, evidence has shown a survival benefit for postoperative chemoradiotherapy and for perioperative chemotherapy. Phase III trials are ongoing to compare these two modalities. The aim of this review is to synthesize current knowledge about adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the management of gastric adenocarcinoma, and to consider its prospects by integrating modern radiotherapy techniques.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antitumor drug, associated with cardiomyopathy. Strategies to address DOX-cardiomyopathy are scarce. Here, we identify the effect of forskolin (FSK) on DOX-induced-asymmetric-dimethylarginine (ADMA) accumulation in monocytoid cells. DOX-challenge led to i) augmented cytotoxicity, reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) production and methyltransferase-enzyme-activity identified as ADMA and s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) accumulation (SAH-A). However, except cytotoxicity, other DOX effects were decreased by metformin and FSK. FSK, did not alter the DOX-induced cytotoxic effect, but, decreased SAH-A by >50% and a combination of three drugs restored physiological methyltransferase-enzyme-activity. Together, protective effect of FSK against DOX-induced SAH-A is associated with mitigated methyltransferase-activity, a one-of-a-kind report.