UNASSIGNED: To evaluate PAX8 expression by immunohistochemistry in the normal pediatric and adult crystalline lens and to assess the usefulness of PAX8 immunohistochemical stain in the diagnosis of morphologically challenging lesions of lenticular origin.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective, observational case series.
UNASSIGNED: Fourteen congenital and acquired lens-derived lesions and 10 control crystalline lenses.
UNASSIGNED: Hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff stains and an immunohistochemical panel of PAX8, vimentin, S100, smooth muscle actin, AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin 5/6 antibodies were performed on all tissues.
UNASSIGNED: Distribution of PAX8 expression in normal crystalline lens and in lens-derived lesions.
UNASSIGNED: Records search identified 10 normal pediatric and adult crystalline lenses, 1 phakomatous choristoma, 1 Peters anomaly with adherent leukoma, 1 lens capsule with congenital pyramidal cataract formation, 2 lenses with anterior and posterior subcapsular cataract formation, 3 postsurgical cataractous lenses (Soemmerring ring cataract and capsular fibrosis), and 6 retrocorneal membranes that incorporated various components of metaplastic corneal endothelium, metaplastic lens epithelium, corneal stroma, and epithelial downgrowth. Strong nuclear PAX8 expression was observed in the lens epithelium and in the equatorial lens bow of normal pediatric and adult lenses. Nuclear PAX8 expression also was observed in the lesions that retained some of the epithelial morphologic features, such as phakomatous choristoma, adherent leukoma, congenital pyramidal cataract, and components of intraocular membranes with lens epithelial differentiation. PAX8 expression was lost in lens epithelial lesions that had undergone mesenchymal transition, such as anterior subcapsular cataract and capsular fibrosis.
UNASSIGNED: PAX8 antibody may be a useful adjunct to the immunohistochemical panels in morphologically challenging lens epithelial-derived lesions that retain epithelial morphologic features. PAX8 is not useful in the diagnosis of lens-derived lesions that feature epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Liver tumours are uncommon in the paediatric population, constituting 1-2 % of all paediatric tumours and 4% of all paediatric liver tumours. Hepatoblastoma followed by hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common tumours in this age group. Simultaneous development of two discrete liver tumours of distinct histologies (collision tumour) has been occasionally reported in adults but never in children. We hereby present the first reported case of hepatic collision tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma) in the explant liver of a child who underwent living donor liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease and severe hepatopulmonary syndrome. The manuscript describes the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings of this case and also highlights the dilemma associated with management of this case had the diagnosis been made in the preoperative setting and also about the proposed management plan for this case in the postoperative period.

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Epidermal cell models are critical for studying skin biology. The gold standard used by the scientific community has historically been primary cell cultures from discarded tissue, typically from neonates (foreskin). Although directly applicable to humans, this system suffers from multiple issues, including substantial donor-to-donor variability and a finite number of divisions in culture. As such, we have identified a faithful alternative called N/TERT2G cells. These cells show many of the characteristics of primary cells, including barrier formation, differentiation kinetics and/or protein expression, and pathogenesis. From our observations, N/TERT2G cells can serve as a reproducible and genetically manipulatable platform in studying skin biology.

Lung cancer metastases to the pancreas are rare but potentially life-threatening. Oftentimes, the presence of symptoms is indicative of extensive disease burden. This report describes a case of primary lung adenocarcinoma metastasizing to the head of the pancreas presenting as obstructive jaundice. The patient was a 61-year-old female veteran who presented with a chronic dyspnea, weight loss, and 3-weeks of nausea and vomiting found to have jaundice, elevated alkaline phosphatase levels, hyperbilirubinemia, and transaminitis. Imaging of her chest revealed large pulmonary parenchymal nodules throughout both lungs with a large left lower lobe mass and consolidation. Abdominal imaging showed a large heterogeneous mass in the pancreatic head, a grossly dilated common bile duct, and enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes contiguous with the mass. Pancreatic head biopsies revealed metastatic cancer cells from her lung adenocarcinoma which was confirmed via cytology and the presence of thyroid transcription factor - 1 and cytokeritin-7 expression and the absence of tumor protein 63 staining. Lung adenocarcinomas commonly metastasize to the bones, liver, and central nervous system but very rarely to the pancreas. There have been only a few reported cases of pancreatic tumors that manifested clinically as a result of primary lung cancer metastases however, even though uncommon, hematogenous spread of cancerous tissue should be considered on the differential as a cause for obstructive jaundice in the setting of lung adenocarcinoma.

UNASSIGNED: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor and the third leading cause of pediatric cancer deaths. Liquid biopsies are an alternative to current diagnostic imaging modalities that can be used to monitor treatment efficacy and the development of metastases. This study addresses the use of novel biomarkers to detect circulating osteosarcoma cells.
UNASSIGNED: Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the relative expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), ganglioside 2 and 3 (GD2/3), and cell surface vimentin (CSV) on a panel of OS cell lines. A microfluidic device was used to affirm the efficacy of GD2/3 and CSV to capture CTCs. Once captured, CTCs on the device are enumerated and the capture efficiency for each marker is measured. Patient samples were captured using the LFAM chip.
UNASSIGNED: We report the evaluation of GD2, GD3, and CSV as markers for OS cell capture in cell lines and in patient samples. The results of our capture studies correlate with our flow cytometry data and have shown a low capture efficiency of OS cells using EpCAM antibodies, while showing a moderate capture efficiency of OS cells using the GD2, GD3, and CSV antibodies independently. The combination of biomarkers demonstrate a high capture efficiency of approximately 80%. This is further supported by the detection of 1-1.5 CTCs per mL of blood using GD2 + CSV in OS patient samples.
UNASSIGNED: The combination of GD2 + CSV significantly increased the capture efficacy of OS cells. The detection of CTCs through routine blood sampling may be used clinically for earlier detection of metastases and monitoring the therapeutic effect of treatments in metastatic osteosarcomas.

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are aggressive epithelial malignancies that can arise at any point of the biliary tree. Albeit rare, their incidence and mortality rates have been rising steadily over the past 40 years, highlighting the need to improve current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. BTCs show high inter- and intra-tumour heterogeneity both at the morphological and molecular level. Such complex heterogeneity poses a substantial obstacle to effective interventions. It is widely accepted that the observed heterogeneity may be the result of a complex interplay of different elements, including risk factors, distinct molecular alterations and multiple potential cells of origin. The use of genetic lineage tracing systems in experimental models has identified cholangiocytes, hepatocytes and/or progenitor-like cells as the cells of origin of BTCs. Genomic evidence in support of the distinct cell of origin hypotheses is growing. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the histopathological subtyping of BTCs, discuss current genomic evidence and outline lineage tracing studies that have contributed to the current knowledge surrounding the cell of origin of these tumours.

UNASSIGNED: To report an unusual case of lung metastasis presenting as an eyelid lesion.
UNASSIGNED: An 82-year-old man presented with a right upper lid lesion of 2 weeks\' duration proven to be adenocarcinoma of the lung.
UNASSIGNED: Metastasis to the eyelid is a rare occurrence. We present a review of the literature emphasizing factors contributing to its low incidence.

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