占全球能源相关碳排放量的三分之一,建筑物的建造和运营对于缓解气候变化至关重要。从生命周期的角度来看,建筑物中体现和运行能源使用的脱碳潜力值得探索。本文以个人建筑层面为重点,收集最新案例,全面及时地了解建筑生命周期碳排放(LCCE)的评估和减少。至于收集的案件,运营过程占建设LCCE的最大份额,平均67%,其次是生产和施工阶段,平均31%。拆除过程中的碳排放量相对较低,平均2%。最常用的评估LCCE的方法是基于过程的,结合活动水平和碳排放因子。近年来,已经采用了诸如建筑信息建模和建筑性能模拟之类的先进技术来有效地评估具体和可操作的碳排放。针对建筑物生命周期中每个阶段的脱碳提出了不同的方法。在生产阶段,有效的方法可以是优化建筑结构,提高材料性能,使用生物基材料,等。预制技术有助于施工工艺脱碳。节能和电气化,可再生能源一体化,和智能能源管理可以有效减少建筑物的运营碳排放。超越生命周期,回收废料已被证明具有巨大的环境效益。建议进行进一步的研究,以权衡具体的和可操作的碳,充分探索建筑全生命周期脱碳潜力。
Accounting for one third of global energy-related carbon emissions, the construction and operation of buildings are crucial for mitigating climate change. Decarbonization potentials of embodied and operational energy use in buildings are worth exploring from a life-cycle perspective. This paper focuses on the individual
building level and collects the latest cases, to offer a comprehensive and timely understanding of the assessment and reduction of
building life cycle carbon emissions (LCCEs). As for the collected cases, the operational process accounts for the largest share of
building LCCEs, averaging 67%, followed by the production and construction phase, averaging 31%. Carbon emissions from the demolition process are relatively low, averaging 2%. The most commonly used method for assessing LCCEs is process-based, combining the activity level and carbon emission factors. Advanced technologies such as
building information modelling and
building performance simulation have been employed in recent years to assess embodied and operational carbon emissions effectively. Different approaches are proposed for the decarbonization of each stage in the
building life cycle. In the production stage, the effective approaches could be optimizing the building structure, improving the material performance, and using bio-based materials, etc. Prefabrication technology is helpful to decarbonize the construction process. Energy conservation and electrification, renewable energy integration, and smart energy management can effectively reduce the building\'s operational carbon emissions. Beyond the life cycle, recycling waste materials is proven to have great environmental benefits. Further studies are suggested to trade off the embodied and operational carbon, to fully explore building life-cycle decarbonization potentials.