从认知训练进行广泛转移的基本假设是,在训练任务期间参与的区域大脑信号与转移任务有关。然而,尚不清楚特定认知任务引起的大脑激活是否可以推广到其他任务的表现,特别是。在认知训练有很大希望的正常衰老中。在这项大型双部位功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究中,我们旨在表征正常衰老中任务转换的神经行为相关性,并检查任务转换相关的fMRI-血氧水平依赖性(BOLD)信号,从事各种认知控制,推广到执行控制和一般认知的其他任务。因此,我们使用混合阻断和事件相关的fMRI任务切换范式来研究129名非痴呆老年人(65-85岁)与多种类型的认知控制相关的大脑区域。这个庞大的数据集为数据驱动的偏最小二乘相关方法提供了一个独特的机会,以研究与任务转换成本相关的多个fMRI-BOLD信号的泛化性到执行控制的其他任务。一般认知,和人口特征。虽然一些功能磁共振成像信号超出了扫描任务,其他人没有。结果表明右中额叶大脑激活对任务转换性能有害,而在fMRI任务切换过程中,下额和尾状激活与更快的处理速度有关,但是这些区域的激活并不能预测执行控制或一般认知的其他任务的表现。然而,在fMRI任务期间,来自右侧枕骨皮质的BOLD信号积极地预测了工作记忆更新任务的表现,在fMRI任务期间脱离的左中央后回的BOLD信号与任务中较慢的处理速度以及较低的一般认知有关。一起,这些结果提示这些BOLD信号在扫描任务之外具有普适性.研究结果还为衰老的一般假设提供了证据,因为数据中的大多数差异都是由较低的处理速度和年龄较大的全局低BOLD信号解释的。由于处理速度与任务切换和其他执行控制任务共享差异,这可能是这些任务之间可概括性的基础。其他结果支持大脑衰老的去分化假说,因为右中额叶激活预测任务切换性能较差。总的来说,我们观察到与fMRI任务相关的BOLD信号不仅可以推广到其他执行控制任务的性能,但是可以识别出扫描仪外表现的独特大脑预测因子。
An underlying hypothesis for broad transfer from cognitive training is that the regional brain signals engaged during the training task are related to the transfer tasks. However, it is unclear whether the brain activations elicited from a specific cognitive task can generalize to performance of other tasks, esp. in normal aging where cognitive training holds much promise. In this large dual-site functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we aimed to characterize the neurobehavioral correlates of task-switching in normal aging and examine whether the task-switching-related fMRI-blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals, engaged during varieties of cognitive control, generalize to other tasks of executive control and general cognition. We therefore used a hybrid blocked and event-related fMRI task-switching paradigm to investigate brain regions associated with multiple types of cognitive control on 129 non-demented older adults (65-85 years). This large dataset provided a unique opportunity for a data-driven partial least squares-correlation approach to investigate the generalizability of multiple fMRI-BOLD signals associated with task-switching costs to other tasks of executive control, general cognition, and demographic characteristics. While some fMRI signals generalized beyond the scanned task, others did not. Results indicate right middle frontal brain activation as detrimental to task-switching performance, whereas inferior frontal and caudate activations were related to faster processing speed during the fMRI task-switching, but activations of these regions did not predict performance on other tasks of executive control or general cognition. However, BOLD signals from the right lateral occipital cortex engaged during the fMRI task positively predicted performance on a working memory updating task, and BOLD signals from the left post-central gyrus that were disengaged during the fMRI task were related to slower processing speed in the task as well as to lower general cognition. Together, these results suggest generalizability of these BOLD signals beyond the scanned task. The findings also provided evidence for the general slowing hypothesis of aging as most variance in the data were explained by low processing speed and global low BOLD signal in older age. As processing speed shared variance with task-switching and other executive control tasks, it might be a possible basis of generalizability between these tasks. Additional results support the dedifferentiation hypothesis of brain aging, as right middle frontal activations predicted poorer task-switching performance. Overall, we observed that the BOLD signals related to the fMRI task not only generalize to the performance of other executive control tasks, but unique brain predictors of out-of-scanner performance can be identified.