OBJECTIVE: To increase awareness of the contributions of Black nurses to midwifery and to provide an understanding of how initiatives in the past address racial disparities in maternal health that are still relevant today.
METHODS: Historical research.
METHODS: The Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery.
METHODS: Thirty-one Black nurse-midwives who graduated from the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery and oral histories of two of these graduates.
METHODS: Historical research that involved locating and analyzing primary and secondary sources about the graduates of the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery from 1941 to 1946; the oral histories conducted with two graduates are examples of primary sources.
RESULTS: The Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery opened September 15, 1941, in Tuskegee, Alabama. The purpose of the school was to educate Black nurses in midwifery to address maternal health in the Black communities where the maternal and infant mortality rates were greatest. By the end of the second year of the program, the maternal mortality rate declined from 8.5 per 1,000 live births to 0, and the infant mortality rate decreased from 45.9 per 1,000 to 14 among the women served in Macon County. However, the school closed in 1946 after graduating 31 Black nurse-midwives.
CONCLUSIONS: The history of early Black nurse-midwives is relevant to the disciplines of nursing, midwifery, and public health. The Tuskegee graduates obtained an education in a relatively new and evolving profession during a time when racism and discrimination in education, financial opportunity, and housing profoundly affected the health and well-being of Black communities. These factors continue to contribute to racial disparities in maternal health and create barriers for those in the Black community who want to become nurses or midwives. The challenges and successes Black nurse-midwives experienced are significant to the present day, but their stories are often not told.

UNASSIGNED: Overseas nurses are not new to the United Kingdom (UK), and neither is the concept of pastoral care. The immense contributions of international nurses are so obvious that it would be commonly assumed that there will be a strong literature base on pastoral care for these nurses. However, the opposite is very much the case. Pastoral support is crucial to the successful adaptation and integration of nurses who are recruited outside the United Kingdom to work within the NHS. To offer comprehensive fit-for-purpose support, the perspective of the nurses is important.
UNASSIGNED: This scoping review aims to identify what is known about pastoral support for internationally educated nurses in the UK.
UNASSIGNED: A scoping review method was used to review literature on pastoral support.
UNASSIGNED: Existing literature provided evidence on current practices, the challenges, and outcome criteria for successful pastoral support. It also provided evidence on how early pastoral support can fortify the nurses or deskill them. Finally, it revealed significant disparities in the support received by overseas nurses.
UNASSIGNED: While the nurses\' experience of the previous adaptation programme has been explored, evidence on the current pastoral care practices is mostly found in policy guidelines, trainers\' reports, and opinion pieces. Since the inception of the NMC test of competence in 2014, the voice of the recipients of pastoral care is yet to be heard. This scoping review suggests that there is a difference in understanding of pastoral care practices. Therefore, the perspectives of specific groups such as Black African nurses should be explored on this issue.

The call to address anti-Black racism in workplaces resonates across several organizations and institutions in Canada. But specifically, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic shed further light on how health inequities negatively impact the Black community. After conducting a literature review of the experiences of Black nurses in Canada, a deeper understanding of their plight was gained. In healthcare, the findings from the Black Nurses\' Task Force report conclude that anti-Black racist practices are pervasive in nursing, and there remains a paucity of research in this area. This study builds off the report by exploring how Black nurses experience anti-Black racism while working in Canada\'s healthcare system. Inspired by critical race theory and Black feminist thought, an exploratory qualitative research study was conducted, using semistructured interviews to gather data. The study concludes that Black nurses experience anti-Black racism within the workplace, and it manifests itself through some of the attitudes of colleagues, patients, and nurses in leadership roles. Despite policies and statements that were in place to protect them, anti-Black racism continues to occur systematically. The findings point to the need for change in the overall workplace culture, which includes a fair representation of Black nurses in leadership roles, further research to identify best practices for tackling anti-Black racism within Canada\'s healthcare system, and mandatory training on anti-Black racism for healthcare leaders, educators, and service providers.

As with other national disasters, epidemics, and pandemics, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted health disparities in Black communities in the USA. Healthcare providers, community activists, politicians, members of faith-based organizations, professional athletes, and Black families are asking crucial questions about why Black and Brown people are disproportionately infected by, and dying from, the COVID-19. Evidence in healthcare and social sciences literature demonstrates that historically, systemic racism and injustices play a large role in the health and well-being of Blacks living in the USA. For decades, the National Black Nurses Association has been on the forefront, engaging our people using a collaborative community-based practice model. The healthcare goal in the USA should center on health protection, promotion, and prevention, moving toward a wellness model and away from treatment of illnesses that contribute to healthcare waste. Finally, awareness of social determinants of health has taken center stage, demonstrating how laws, policies, and practice affect health outcomes and the well-being of Black and Brown communities. In order to address social determinants of health and healthcare inequity, the National Black Nurses Association has called for an increase in the number of Black registered nurses and licensed vocational and practical nurses. The healthcare goal in the USA should center on health protection, promotion, and preventions moving toward a wellness model and away from treatment of illnesses that contributes to healthcare waste.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of Black and minority ethnic group nurse leaders and faculty in the nursing profession, even though the overall number of nurses within this demographic has increased. This study aimed to examine Black nurses\' perceptions of the barriers to career advancement in nursing profession in the United States.
METHODS: Participants included 30 Black nurses aged 25 to 65 from health care settings across five US states recruited through purposive sampling. The study used a focused ethnographic design with semi-structured interviews to elicit responses about participants perceptions and experiences of seeking leadership and faculty positions.
RESULTS: Thematic analysis revealed seven main themes: maintaining white comfort, distrust, no one like me, paving the way, worthy of representation, leadership role not expected of Black nurses, and an advanced degree does not equal advanced opportunities.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that Black nurses face significant challenges in entering leadership or faculty positions. They face racial discrimination and lack access to mentorship and support which discourages sufficiently qualified and experienced nurses from applying for high-level positions. Ensuring all nurses are afforded equal opportunity for career advancement is essential for the nursing profession\'s continued growth.

The overall historical evolution of nursing is elongated, varied, and colorful, however, the evolution of Blacks in nursing is even more involved and colorful. This article examines the historical evolution of Blacks in nursing from 1896 to 1969 in Part 1. In June of 2019, Part 2 will be offered and will include historical data from 1970 to 2018. This article traces Black nurses\' participation in World War I and World War II. It also traces the development of the Veterans Bureau (Veterans Affairs) and the participation of Black nurses. Historical figures such as Eunice Rivers are examined along with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. In addition, organizations such as the American Nurses Association, the American Red Cross, and Chi Eta Phi Sorority are examined to come to a more complete understanding of the evolution of Blacks in nursing.