目的:提高对黑人护士对助产的贡献的认识,并了解过去的举措如何解决孕产妇健康中的种族差异,这些差异在今天仍然存在。
方法:历史研究。
方法:塔斯基吉助产护理学院。
方法:31名黑人护士助产士,他们毕业于塔斯基吉护士助产士和其中两名毕业生的口述历史。
方法:历史研究涉及查找和分析1941年至1946年塔斯基吉护士助产学校毕业生的主要和次要来源;与两名毕业生进行的口述历史是主要来源的例子。
结果:塔斯基吉助产护理学校于1941年9月15日在塔斯基吉开业,阿拉巴马.学校的目的是对黑人护士进行助产教育,以解决孕产妇和婴儿死亡率最高的黑人社区的孕产妇健康问题。在计划的第二年结束时,在马肯县服务的妇女中,产妇死亡率从每1000名活产8.5人下降到0人,婴儿死亡率从每1000名45.9人下降到14人。然而,学校于1946年在31名黑人护士助产士毕业后关闭。
结论:早期黑人助产士的病史与护理学科有关,助产,和公共卫生。在教育中的种族主义和歧视时期,塔斯基吉毕业生接受了相对较新的和不断发展的职业教育,金融机会,和住房深刻影响了黑人社区的健康和福祉。这些因素继续导致孕产妇健康方面的种族差异,并为黑人社区中想要成为护士或助产士的人造成障碍。黑人护士助产士经历的挑战和成功对当今意义重大,但他们的故事往往不讲。
OBJECTIVE: To increase awareness of the contributions of Black nurses to midwifery and to provide an understanding of how initiatives in the past address racial disparities in maternal health that are still relevant today.
METHODS: Historical research.
METHODS: The Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery.
METHODS: Thirty-one Black nurse-midwives who graduated from the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery and oral histories of two of these graduates.
METHODS: Historical research that involved locating and analyzing primary and secondary sources about the graduates of the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery from 1941 to 1946; the oral histories conducted with two graduates are examples of primary sources.
RESULTS: The Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery opened September 15, 1941, in Tuskegee, Alabama. The purpose of the school was to educate Black nurses in midwifery to address maternal health in the Black communities where the maternal and infant mortality rates were greatest. By the end of the second year of the program, the maternal mortality rate declined from 8.5 per 1,000 live births to 0, and the infant mortality rate decreased from 45.9 per 1,000 to 14 among the women served in Macon County. However, the school closed in 1946 after graduating 31 Black nurse-midwives.
CONCLUSIONS: The history of early Black nurse-midwives is relevant to the disciplines of nursing, midwifery, and public health. The Tuskegee graduates obtained an education in a relatively new and evolving profession during a time when racism and discrimination in education, financial opportunity, and housing profoundly affected the health and well-being of Black communities. These factors continue to contribute to racial disparities in maternal health and create barriers for those in the Black community who want to become nurses or midwives. The challenges and successes Black nurse-midwives experienced are significant to the present day, but their stories are often not told.