世界各地的炼油厂正在考虑或正在积极地用替代来源取代一部分来自化石来源的原油投入,包括再生材料(塑料,城市垃圾,混合固体废物)和可再生材料(生物质废物,植物油)。在本文中,我们探索这种替代,特别关注流化催化裂化(FCC)操作。五种热解油,从城市固体废物(MSW)和生物材料(橄榄石/坑)中获得,在实验室规模的反应器中,使用工业上可获得的基于超稳定Y沸石的流体催化裂化催化剂以模拟流体催化裂化共处理,在10%负载下相对于标准流体催化裂化(FCC)真空瓦斯油(VGO)进料进行充分表征和测试。尽管具有独特的饲料特性,包括高康拉逊碳(例如,高达19.41wt%),水(例如,高达5.7wt%),和污染物(例如,在某些情况下高达227ppmCl),五种热解油的产率与真空瓦斯油相似。汽油略(约。1wt%)在所有情况下均较高,LPG略高(约1wt%)较低。液化石油气流中的烯烃度没有变化,塔底油和轻循环油(LCO)没有显著变化,而干燥气体稍低(高达-0.2wt%)。焦炭选择性也没有变化(最大-7.7wt%,相对而言),在工业流体催化裂化装置中进行共处理时,建议最少或没有热平衡问题。结果表明,城市固体废物和生物来源的热解油适用于炼油厂。探索了催化剂的设计理念,基于更高的稀土氧化物交换和/或ZSM-5沸石的利用,这将进一步最小化用热解油代替化石油的影响,即将1%的汽油换成液化石油气。
Refiners around the globe are either considering or are actively replacing a portion of their crude oil inputs originating from fossil sources with alternative sources, including recycled materials (plastics, urban waste, mixed solid waste) and renewable materials (bio-mass waste, vegetable oils). In this paper, we explore such replacement, specifically focusing on the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) operation. Five pyrolysis oils, obtained from municipal solid waste (MSW) and biogenic material (olive stones/pits), were fully characterized and tested at 10% loading against a standard fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) vacuum gasoil (VGO) feed in a bench scale reactor using an industrially available fluid catalytic cracking catalyst based on ultrastable Y zeolite to simulate fluid catalytic cracking co-processing. Despite having unique feed properties, including high Conradson carbon (e.g., up to 19.41 wt%), water (e.g., up to 5.7 wt%), and contaminants (e.g., up to 227 ppm Cl) in some cases, the five pyrolysis oils gave similar yield patterns as vacuum gasoil. Gasoline was slightly (ca. 1 wt%) higher in all cases and LPG slightly (ca. 1 wt%) lower. Olefinicity in the LPG streams were unchanged, bottoms and light cycle oil (LCO) showed no significant changes, while dry gas was slightly (up to -0.2 wt%) lower. Coke selectivity was also unchanged (maximum -7.7 wt%, relatively), suggesting minimal to no heat balance concerns when co-processing in an industrial fluid catalytic cracking unit. The results demonstrate the applicability of municipal solid waste and biogenic originating pyrolysis oils into a refinery. A catalyst design concept is explored, based on higher rare Earth oxide exchange and/or utilization of ZSM-5 zeolite, that would further minimize the impacts of replacing fossil oils with pyrolysis oils, namely one that shifts the 1% higher gasoline into LPG.