两栖动物,一种产生亲脂性毒素氮杂阿司匹林(AZAs)的海洋甲藻鞭毛藻,主要在大西洋发现。尽管该物种尚未在亚太地区记录,与Am相关的环境DNA。languida已被广泛地检测到在该地区的元编码分析。它们的形态和AZA的产生仍不清楚。在这项研究中,形态学,超微结构,系统发育,和AZA生产从日本分离的9个两栖菌株,马来西亚,菲律宾被调查。从rDNA推断的系统发育树(SSU,ITS,和LSUrDNA)显示了9个太平洋菌株的单生性,并且是Am的姐妹。languida进化枝,包括来自大西洋的产毒株.细胞呈椭圆形,长度为8.7-16.7µm,宽度为7.4-14.0µm,具有明显的顶孔复合体。一个大的核在下囊,顶叶叶绿体,在游离体中有球形的类脓毒理,并观察到折射体。表是典型的两栖动物,阿宝,cp,X,6\',6\'\',6C,5S,6\'\'\',2\'\'\'\'\'。腹孔位于1个钢板的前部,在缝合线旁边的6\'板。腹侧凹陷的存在,在前沟钢板的前部,与Am不同。Languida.一个巨大的根尖孔,含有大约10个小毛孔,被观察到。细胞明显小于Am。trioculata,具有三个孔的物种(腹孔,腹侧抑郁,和根尖孔)。TEM显示晶体结构的存在,类似于鸟嘌呤晶体,和细胞质内陷进入类蛋白基质。缺乏横纹根结缔组织的鞭毛器类似于类过氧化物和相关的鞭毛藻。通过LC-MS/MS未从太平洋菌株中检测到AZA。这种非产毒素的两栖动物,在这里,我们建议作为两栖动物。11月。,广泛分布在亚太地区。此外,分子比较还表明,以前报道为Am的大多数环境DNA序列。来自亚太地区的languida或相关序列可归因于Am。Fulgens.
Amphidoma languida, a marine thecate dinoflagellate that produces the lipophilic toxin azaspiracids (AZAs), is primarily found in the Atlantic. Although this species has not been recorded in the Asian Pacific, environmental DNAs related to Am. languida have been widely detected in the region by metabarcoding analysis. Their morphology and AZA production remain unclear. In this study, the morphology, ultrastructure, phylogeny, and AZA production of nine Amphidoma strains isolated from Japan, Malaysia, and Philippines were investigated. Phylogenetic trees inferred from rDNAs (SSU, ITS, and LSU rDNA) showed monophyly of the nine Pacific strains and were sister to the Am. languida clade, including the toxigenic strains from the Atlantic. Cells were ellipsoid, 8.7-16.7 µm in length and 7.4-14.0 µm in width, with a conspicuous apical pore complex. A large nucleus in the hyposome, parietal chloroplast with a spherical pyrenoid in the episome, and refractile bodies were observed. Thecal tabulation was typical of Amphidoma, Po, cp, X, 6\', 6\'\', 6C, 5S, 6\'\'\', 2\'\'\'\'. A ventral pore was located on the anterior of 1\' plate, beside the suture to 6\' plate. The presence of a ventral depression, on the anterior of anterior sulcal plate, was different from Am. languida. A large antapical pore, containing approximately 10 small pores, was observed. Cells were apparently smaller than Am. trioculata, a species possessing three pores (ventral pore, ventral depression, and antapical pore). TEM showed the presence of crystalline structures, resembling guanine crystals, and cytoplasmic invaginations into the pyrenoid matrix. Flagellar apparatus lacking the striated root connective is similar to peridinioids and related dinoflagellates. AZAs were not detected from the Pacific strains by LC-MS/MS. This non-toxigenic Amphidoma species, here we propose as Amphidoma fulgens sp. nov., is widely distributed in the Asian Pacific. Moreover, molecular comparison also suggested that most of the environmental DNA sequences previously reported as Am. languida or related sequences from the Asian Pacific were attributable to Am. fulgens.