OBJECTIVE: Although calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) has been known since the 1960s, our understanding of its pathogenesis remains rudimentary. This review aims to illustrate the known mechanisms underlying calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal formation and deposition and explore future directions in research. By examining various perspectives, from basic research to clinical and imaging assessments, as well as new emerging methodologies, we can establish a starting point for a deeper understanding of CPPD pathogenesis.
RESULTS: Recent years have seen significant advances in CPPD research, particularly in the clinical field with the development of the 2023 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for CPPD disease, and in imaging with the introduction of the OMERACT ultrasonographic definitions and scoring system. However, progress in basic research has been slower. New laboratory approaches, such as Raman spectroscopy and omics sciences, offer promising insights that may help piece together the puzzle of CPPD. CPPD is a common yet understudied condition. As the population ages and CPPD becomes more prevalent, there is an urgent need to better understand the disease and the mechanisms involved in crystal formation and deposition, in order to improve diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.

UNASSIGNED: Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is a mainstay of wrist arthritis treatment; however, it is traditionally contraindicated in patients with an affected capitate. The use of soft tissue interposition grafts to resurface the radiocapitate articulation has been previously described to allow for PRC in these patients. In the current study, we reviewed our outcomes using knee meniscus allograft interposition to resurface the radiocapitate articulation in patients who would have otherwise been contraindicated for PRC.
UNASSIGNED: A retrospective study of patients who underwent PRC with or without meniscus interposition arthroplasty was performed from 2011 to 2022. Patient demographics (age, sex, occupation, hand dominance, etc) were collected. Improvement in pain was the primary outcome. Wrist range of motion and reconstructive failure requiring fusion were the secondary outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: We identified a total of 83 patients and 43 met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen patients (35%) underwent PRC with meniscus interposition arthroplasty, and 28 patients (65%) underwent PRC alone. Patients with and without meniscus interposition arthroplasty had documented improvement in pain postoperatively (93% vs 95%, P > .05) at a median follow-up time of 11 (range, 3-38 months) and 9 months (range, 3-64 months), respectively. Postoperative wrist range of motion (flexion: +9 vs -4, P > .05, extension: +12 vs -4, P = .10) trended toward increase in patients undergoing meniscus interposition arthroplasty compared with PRC alone.
UNASSIGNED: Our short- to mid-term outcomes in patients with end-stage wrist arthritis affecting the capitate who undergo PRC and meniscus interposition arthroplasty are comparable with those receiving PRC alone.

The Basic Vascular Science (BVS) meeting was set up to provide a forum for researchers and clinicians in the field to exchange knowledge and ideas and to foster cross-disciplinary collaborations. The BVS 2024 meeting was held in Berlin. Attended by vascular surgeons and physicians, interventional radiologists, basic science researchers, and engineers, the meeting continues to successfully attract both early career researchers and established clinician-scientists. Here, we report on the scientific sessions encompassing keynote lectures and oral presentations.

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Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is a complex developmental abnormality characterized by abnormal lung development, a diaphragmatic defect and cardiac dysfunction. Despite significant advances in management of CDH, mortality and morbidity continue to be driven by pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction. The etiology of CDH remains unknown, but CDH is presumed to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and external/environmental factors. Current research employs multi-omics technologies to investigate the molecular profile and pathways inherent to CDH. The aim is to discover the underlying pathogenesis, new biomarkers and ultimately novel therapeutic targets. Stem cells and their cargo, non-coding RNAs and agents targeting inflammation and vascular remodeling have produced promising results in preclinical studies using animal models of CDH. Shortcomings in current therapies combined with an improved understanding of the pathogenesis in CDH have given rise to novel promising experimental treatments that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This review provides insight into current developments in translational research, ranging from the cellular origins of abnormal cardiopulmonary development in CDH and the identification of novel treatment targets in preclinical CDH models at the bench and their translation to clinical trials at the bedside.

Translational research applies laboratory-generated scientific discoveries to real-world practice with the goal of potentiating more rapid solutions to health challenges. In 2023, the authors of this editorial (Hildebrandt and Goldschmidt) aimed to develop a special issue for the International Journal of Eating Disorders (IJED) focusing on translational eating disorder research. The goal for this issue was to begin closing the gap between basic and applied research by soliciting articles that improve our understanding of mechanisms that cause or maintain eating disorders, which could result in more robust research advances and dissemination of information to the public. Further goals for the issue included exposing IJED\'s readership to a wide range of translational research and inspiring new collaborative efforts. While strong submissions were received, challenges were encountered in soliciting enough articles, potentially reflecting long-standing communication barriers between basic and clinical scientists within the eating disorders field. In this editorial, we highlight work included in the special section, identify potential barriers in translational eating disorder research, and offer a multipronged approach to support more rapid progress across the translational spectrum. By improving how our field approaches translational research, we can promote better outcomes for those with or at risk for eating disorders.

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UNASSIGNED: Low confidence in genomics knowledge among clinicians is a major barrier to the integration of genomics into mainstream medicine. Here, we assessed the genomics confidence of UK medical students approaching graduation.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a web-based nationwide survey of UK medical students in the final 2 years of study where participants rated their confidence in genomics concepts.
UNASSIGNED: In total, 145 medical students across 19 medical schools participated. The amount of genomics teaching students reported receiving was positively associated with genomics confidence, with the amount of basic science teaching having the strongest influence. While confidence was high in core genomics principles, such as the difference between DNA, genes and chromosomes (95%), confidence dropped in clinical applications of genomics - only 50% reported a good understanding of the genetic contribution to disease and 28% reported good knowledge of clinically used genomic tests. Overall, 59% reported a poor understanding of variant interpretation; however, over half who reported receiving \'lots\' of genomic medicine teaching reported a good understanding of this topic.
UNASSIGNED: Gaps in genomics knowledge and drivers in confidence have been identified herein, highlighting the need for improvements in undergraduate genomics education to prepare future doctors to confidently practise in the genomics era.

The last several decades have brought about substantial development in our understanding of the biomolecular pathways associated with chondral disease and progression to arthritis. Within domains relevant to foot and ankle, genetic modification of stem cells, augmentation of bone marrow stimulation techniques, and improvement on existing scaffolds for delivery of orthobiologic agents hold promise in improving treatment of chondral injuries. This review summarizes novel developments in the understanding of the molecular pathways underlying chondral damage and some of the recent advancements within related therapeutics.

With a foundation built upon initial work from the 1980s demonstrating graft viability in cerebral ischemia, stem cell transplantation has shown immense promise in promoting survival, enhancing neuroprotection and inducing neuroregeneration, while mitigating both histological and behavioral deficits that frequently accompany ischemic stroke. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials that have thoroughly supported a strong safety profile for stem cell therapy in patients but have generated variable efficacy. As preclinical evidence continues to expand through the investigation of new cell lines and optimization of stem cell delivery, it remains critical for translational models to adhere to the protocols established through basic scientific research. With the recent shift in approach towards utilization of stem cells as a conjunctive therapy alongside standard thrombolytic treatments, key issues including timing, route of administration, and stem cell type must each be appropriately translated from the laboratory in order to resolve the question of stem cell efficacy for cerebral ischemia that ultimately will enhance therapeutics for stroke patients towards improving quality of life.