The coming decades are likely to see of extreme weather events becoming more intense and frequent across Europe as a whole and around the Mediterranean in particular. The reproduction rate of some microorganisms, including the bacteria that cause foodborne diseases, will also be affected by these events. The aim of this study was thus to ascertain whether there might be a statistically significant relationship between emergency hospital admissions due to the principal bacterial foodborne diseases (BFDs) and the various meteorological variables, including heatwaves. We conducted a time-series study, with daily observations of both the dependent variable (emergency hospital admissions due to BFDs) and the independent variables (meteorological variables and control variables of chemical air pollution) across the period 2013-2018 in the Madrid Region (Spain), using Generalised Linear Models with Poisson regression, in which control and lag variables were included for the purpose of fitting the models. We calculated the threshold value of the maximum daily temperature above which such admissions increased statistically significantly, analysed data for the whole year and for the summer months alone, and estimated the relative and attributable risks. The estimated attributable risk was 3.6 % for every one-degree rise in the maximum daily temperature above 12 °C throughout the year, and 12.21 % for every one degree rise in temperature above the threshold heatwave definition temperature (34 °C) in summer. Furthermore, different meteorological variables displayed a statistically significant association. Whereas hours of sunlight and mean wind speed proved significant in the analyses of both the whole year and summer, the variables \"rain\" and \"relative humidity\", only showed a significant relationship in the analysis for the whole year. High ambient temperature is a risk factor that favours the increase in emergency hospitalisations attributable to the principal BFDs, with a greater impact being observed on days coinciding with heatwave periods. The results yielded by this study could serve as a basis for implementing BFD prevention strategies, especially on heatwave days.

Foodborne diseases are a critical public health problem worldwide and significantly impact human health, economic losses, and social dynamics. Understanding the dynamic relationship between the detection rate of bacterial foodborne diseases and a variety of meteorological factors is crucial for predicting outbreaks of bacterial foodborne diseases. This study analyzed the spatio-temporal patterns of vibriosis in Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2018 at regional and weekly scales, investigating the dynamic effects of various meteorological factors. Vibriosis had a significant temporal and spatial pattern of aggregation, and a high incidence period occurred in the summer seasons from June to August. The detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in foodborne diseases was relatively high in the eastern coastal areas and northwestern Zhejiang Plain. Meteorological factors had lagging effects on the detection rate of V. parahaemolyticus (3 weeks for temperature, 8 weeks for relative humidity, 8 weeks for precipitation, and 2 weeks for sunlight hours), and the lag period varied in different spatial agglomeration regions. Therefore, disease control departments should launch vibriosis prevention and response programs that are two to eight weeks in advance of the current climate characteristics at different spatio-temporal clustering regions.